Merge ~chad.smith/cloud-init:ubuntu/devel into cloud-init:ubuntu/devel

[Chad Smith]

Sync bug fixes from tip into ubuntu/devel for Bionic FFe release.

[Server Team CI bot (server-team-bot)]

PASSED: Continuous integration, rev:b602a10c0620f77882113e14c145b0877a455b02
https://jenkins.ubuntu.com/server/job/cloud-init-ci/1004/
Executed test runs:
    SUCCESS: Checkout
    SUCCESS: Unit & Style Tests
    SUCCESS: Ubuntu LTS: Build
    SUCCESS: Ubuntu LTS: Integration
    SUCCESS: MAAS Compatability Testing
    IN_PROGRESS: Declarative: Post Actions

Click here to trigger a rebuild:
https://jenkins.ubuntu.com/server/job/cloud-init-ci/1004/rebuild

review: Approve (continuous-integration)

diff --git a/cloudinit/apport.py b/cloudinit/apport.py
index 618b016..130ff26 100644
--- a/cloudinit/apport.py
+++ b/cloudinit/apport.py
@@ -13,10 +13,29 @@ except ImportError:
 
 
 KNOWN_CLOUD_NAMES = [
-    'Amazon - Ec2', 'AliYun', 'AltCloud', 'Azure', 'Bigstep', 'CloudSigma',
-    'CloudStack', 'DigitalOcean', 'GCE - Google Compute Engine',
-    'Hetzner Cloud', 'MAAS', 'NoCloud', 'OpenNebula', 'OpenStack', 'OVF',
-    'Scaleway', 'SmartOS', 'VMware', 'Other']
+    'AliYun',
+    'AltCloud',
+    'Amazon - Ec2',
+    'Azure',
+    'Bigstep',
+    'Brightbox',
+    'CloudSigma',
+    'CloudStack',
+    'DigitalOcean',
+    'GCE - Google Compute Engine',
+    'Hetzner Cloud',
+    'IBM - (aka SoftLayer or BlueMix)',
+    'LXD',
+    'MAAS',
+    'NoCloud',
+    'OpenNebula',
+    'OpenStack',
+    'OVF',
+    'OpenTelekomCloud',
+    'Scaleway',
+    'SmartOS',
+    'VMware',
+    'Other']
 
 # Potentially clear text collected logs
 CLOUDINIT_LOG = '/var/log/cloud-init.log'
diff --git a/cloudinit/config/cc_ntp.py b/cloudinit/config/cc_ntp.py
index cbd0237..9e074bd 100644
--- a/cloudinit/config/cc_ntp.py
+++ b/cloudinit/config/cc_ntp.py
@@ -10,20 +10,95 @@ from cloudinit.config.schema import (
     get_schema_doc, validate_cloudconfig_schema)
 from cloudinit import log as logging
 from cloudinit.settings import PER_INSTANCE
+from cloudinit import temp_utils
 from cloudinit import templater
 from cloudinit import type_utils
 from cloudinit import util
 
+import copy
 import os
+import six
 from textwrap import dedent
 
 LOG = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 frequency = PER_INSTANCE
 NTP_CONF = '/etc/ntp.conf'
-TIMESYNCD_CONF = '/etc/systemd/timesyncd.conf.d/cloud-init.conf'
 NR_POOL_SERVERS = 4
-distros = ['centos', 'debian', 'fedora', 'opensuse', 'sles', 'ubuntu']
+distros = ['centos', 'debian', 'fedora', 'opensuse', 'rhel', 'sles', 'ubuntu']
+
+NTP_CLIENT_CONFIG = {
+    'chrony': {
+        'check_exe': 'chronyd',
+        'confpath': '/etc/chrony.conf',
+        'packages': ['chrony'],
+        'service_name': 'chrony',
+        'template_name': 'chrony.conf.{distro}',
+        'template': None,
+    },
+    'ntp': {
+        'check_exe': 'ntpd',
+        'confpath': NTP_CONF,
+        'packages': ['ntp'],
+        'service_name': 'ntp',
+        'template_name': 'ntp.conf.{distro}',
+        'template': None,
+    },
+    'ntpdate': {
+        'check_exe': 'ntpdate',
+        'confpath': NTP_CONF,
+        'packages': ['ntpdate'],
+        'service_name': 'ntpdate',
+        'template_name': 'ntp.conf.{distro}',
+        'template': None,
+    },
+    'systemd-timesyncd': {
+        'check_exe': '/lib/systemd/systemd-timesyncd',
+        'confpath': '/etc/systemd/timesyncd.conf.d/cloud-init.conf',
+        'packages': [],
+        'service_name': 'systemd-timesyncd',
+        'template_name': 'timesyncd.conf',
+        'template': None,
+    },
+}
+
+# This is Distro-specific configuration overrides of the base config
+DISTRO_CLIENT_CONFIG = {
+    'debian': {
+        'chrony': {
+            'confpath': '/etc/chrony/chrony.conf',
+        },
+    },
+    'opensuse': {
+        'chrony': {
+            'service_name': 'chronyd',
+        },
+        'ntp': {
+            'confpath': '/etc/ntp.conf',
+            'service_name': 'ntpd',
+        },
+        'systemd-timesyncd': {
+            'check_exe': '/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-timesyncd',
+        },
+    },
+    'sles': {
+        'chrony': {
+            'service_name': 'chronyd',
+        },
+        'ntp': {
+            'confpath': '/etc/ntp.conf',
+            'service_name': 'ntpd',
+        },
+        'systemd-timesyncd': {
+            'check_exe': '/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-timesyncd',
+        },
+    },
+    'ubuntu': {
+        'chrony': {
+            'confpath': '/etc/chrony/chrony.conf',
+        },
+    },
+}
 
 
 # The schema definition for each cloud-config module is a strict contract for
@@ -48,7 +123,34 @@ schema = {
     'distros': distros,
     'examples': [
         dedent("""\
+        # Override ntp with chrony configuration on Ubuntu
+        ntp:
+          enabled: true
+          ntp_client: chrony  # Uses cloud-init default chrony configuration
+        """),
+        dedent("""\
+        # Provide a custom ntp client configuration
         ntp:
+          enabled: true
+          ntp_client: myntpclient
+          config:
+             confpath: /etc/myntpclient/myntpclient.conf
+             check_exe: myntpclientd
+             packages:
+               - myntpclient
+             service_name: myntpclient
+             template: |
+                 ## template:jinja
+                 # My NTP Client config
+                 {% if pools -%}# pools{% endif %}
+                 {% for pool in pools -%}
+                 pool {{pool}} iburst
+                 {% endfor %}
+                 {%- if servers %}# servers
+                 {% endif %}
+                 {% for server in servers -%}
+                 server {{server}} iburst
+                 {% endfor %}
           pools: [0.int.pool.ntp.org, 1.int.pool.ntp.org, ntp.myorg.org]
           servers:
             - ntp.server.local
@@ -83,79 +185,159 @@ schema = {
                         List of ntp servers. If both pools and servers are
                          empty, 4 default pool servers will be provided with
                          the format ``{0-3}.{distro}.pool.ntp.org``.""")
-                }
+                },
+                'ntp_client': {
+                    'type': 'string',
+                    'default': 'auto',
+                    'description': dedent("""\
+                        Name of an NTP client to use to configure system NTP.
+                         When unprovided or 'auto' the default client preferred
+                         by the distribution will be used. The following
+                         built-in client names can be used to override existing
+                         configuration defaults: chrony, ntp, ntpdate,
+                         systemd-timesyncd."""),
+                },
+                'enabled': {
+                    'type': 'boolean',
+                    'default': True,
+                    'description': dedent("""\
+                        Attempt to enable ntp clients if set to True.  If set
+                         to False, ntp client will not be configured or
+                         installed"""),
+                },
+                'config': {
+                    'description': dedent("""\
+                        Configuration settings or overrides for the
+                         ``ntp_client`` specified."""),
+                    'type': ['object'],
+                    'properties': {
+                        'confpath': {
+                            'type': 'string',
+                            'description': dedent("""\
+                                The path to where the ``ntp_client``
+                                 configuration is written."""),
+                        },
+                        'check_exe': {
+                            'type': 'string',
+                            'description': dedent("""\
+                                The executable name for the ``ntp_client``.
+                                 For example, ntp service ``check_exe`` is
+                                 'ntpd' because it runs the ntpd binary."""),
+                        },
+                        'packages': {
+                            'type': 'array',
+                            'items': {
+                                'type': 'string',
+                            },
+                            'uniqueItems': True,
+                            'description': dedent("""\
+                                List of packages needed to be installed for the
+                                 selected ``ntp_client``."""),
+                        },
+                        'service_name': {
+                            'type': 'string',
+                            'description': dedent("""\
+                                The systemd or sysvinit service name used to
+                                 start and stop the ``ntp_client``
+                                 service."""),
+                        },
+                        'template': {
+                            'type': 'string',
+                            'description': dedent("""\
+                                Inline template allowing users to define their
+                                 own ``ntp_client`` configuration template.
+                                 The value must start with '## template:jinja'
+                                 to enable use of templating support.
+                                """),
+                        },
+                    },
+                    # Don't use REQUIRED_NTP_CONFIG_KEYS to allow for override
+                    # of builtin client values.
+                    'required': [],
+                    'minProperties': 1,  # If we have config, define something
+                    'additionalProperties': False
+                },
             },
             'required': [],
             'additionalProperties': False
         }
     }
 }
-
-__doc__ = get_schema_doc(schema)  # Supplement python help()
+REQUIRED_NTP_CONFIG_KEYS = frozenset([
+    'check_exe', 'confpath', 'packages', 'service_name'])
 
 
-def handle(name, cfg, cloud, log, _args):
-    """Enable and configure ntp."""
-    if 'ntp' not in cfg:
-        LOG.debug(
-            "Skipping module named %s, not present or disabled by cfg", name)
-        return
-    ntp_cfg = cfg['ntp']
-    if ntp_cfg is None:
-        ntp_cfg = {}  # Allow empty config which will install the package
+__doc__ = get_schema_doc(schema)  # Supplement python help()
 
-    # TODO drop this when validate_cloudconfig_schema is strict=True
-    if not isinstance(ntp_cfg, (dict)):
-        raise RuntimeError(
-            "'ntp' key existed in config, but not a dictionary type,"
-            " is a {_type} instead".format(_type=type_utils.obj_name(ntp_cfg)))
 
-    validate_cloudconfig_schema(cfg, schema)
-    if ntp_installable():
-        service_name = 'ntp'
-        confpath = NTP_CONF
-        template_name = None
-        packages = ['ntp']
-        check_exe = 'ntpd'
-    else:
-        service_name = 'systemd-timesyncd'
-        confpath = TIMESYNCD_CONF
-        template_name = 'timesyncd.conf'
-        packages = []
-        check_exe = '/lib/systemd/systemd-timesyncd'
-
-    rename_ntp_conf()
-    # ensure when ntp is installed it has a configuration file
-    # to use instead of starting up with packaged defaults
-    write_ntp_config_template(ntp_cfg, cloud, confpath, template=template_name)
-    install_ntp(cloud.distro.install_packages, packages=packages,
-                check_exe=check_exe)
+def distro_ntp_client_configs(distro):
+    """Construct a distro-specific ntp client config dictionary by merging
+       distro specific changes into base config.
 
-    try:
-        reload_ntp(service_name, systemd=cloud.distro.uses_systemd())
-    except util.ProcessExecutionError as e:
-        LOG.exception("Failed to reload/start ntp service: %s", e)
-        raise
+    @param distro: String providing the distro class name.
+    @returns: Dict of distro configurations for ntp clients.
+    """
+    dcfg = DISTRO_CLIENT_CONFIG
+    cfg = copy.copy(NTP_CLIENT_CONFIG)
+    if distro in dcfg:
+        cfg = util.mergemanydict([cfg, dcfg[distro]], reverse=True)
+    return cfg
 
 
-def ntp_installable():
-    """Check if we can install ntp package
+def select_ntp_client(ntp_client, distro):
+    """Determine which ntp client is to be used, consulting the distro
+       for its preference.
 
-    Ubuntu-Core systems do not have an ntp package available, so
-    we always return False.  Other systems require package managers to install
-    the ntp package If we fail to find one of the package managers, then we
-    cannot install ntp.
+    @param ntp_client: String name of the ntp client to use.
+    @param distro: Distro class instance.
+    @returns: Dict of the selected ntp client or {} if none selected.
     """
-    if util.system_is_snappy():
-        return False
 
-    if any(map(util.which, ['apt-get', 'dnf', 'yum', 'zypper'])):
-        return True
+    # construct distro-specific ntp_client_config dict
+    distro_cfg = distro_ntp_client_configs(distro.name)
+
+    # user specified client, return its config
+    if ntp_client and ntp_client != 'auto':
+        LOG.debug('Selected NTP client "%s" via user-data configuration',
+                  ntp_client)
+        return distro_cfg.get(ntp_client, {})
+
+    # default to auto if unset in distro
+    distro_ntp_client = distro.get_option('ntp_client', 'auto')
+
+    clientcfg = {}
+    if distro_ntp_client == "auto":
+        for client in distro.preferred_ntp_clients:
+            cfg = distro_cfg.get(client)
+            if util.which(cfg.get('check_exe')):
+                LOG.debug('Selected NTP client "%s", already installed',
+                          client)
+                clientcfg = cfg
+                break
+
+        if not clientcfg:
+            client = distro.preferred_ntp_clients[0]
+            LOG.debug(
+                'Selected distro preferred NTP client "%s", not yet installed',
+                client)
+            clientcfg = distro_cfg.get(client)
+    else:
+        LOG.debug('Selected NTP client "%s" via distro system config',
+                  distro_ntp_client)
+        clientcfg = distro_cfg.get(distro_ntp_client, {})
+
+    return clientcfg
 
-    return False
 
+def install_ntp_client(install_func, packages=None, check_exe="ntpd"):
+    """Install ntp client package if not already installed.
 
-def install_ntp(install_func, packages=None, check_exe="ntpd"):
+    @param install_func: function.  This parameter is invoked with the contents
+    of the packages parameter.
+    @param packages: list.  This parameter defaults to ['ntp'].
+    @param check_exe: string.  The name of a binary that indicates the package
+    the specified package is already installed.
+    """
     if util.which(check_exe):
         return
     if packages is None:
@@ -164,15 +346,23 @@ def install_ntp(install_func, packages=None, check_exe="ntpd"):
     install_func(packages)
 
 
-def rename_ntp_conf(config=None):
-    """Rename any existing ntp.conf file"""
-    if config is None:  # For testing
-        config = NTP_CONF
-    if os.path.exists(config):
-        util.rename(config, config + ".dist")
+def rename_ntp_conf(confpath=None):
+    """Rename any existing ntp client config file
+
+    @param confpath: string. Specify a path to an existing ntp client
+    configuration file.
+    """
+    if os.path.exists(confpath):
+        util.rename(confpath, confpath + ".dist")
 
 
 def generate_server_names(distro):
+    """Generate a list of server names to populate an ntp client configuration
+    file.
+
+    @param distro: string.  Specify the distro name
+    @returns: list: A list of strings representing ntp servers for this distro.
+    """
     names = []
     pool_distro = distro
     # For legal reasons x.pool.sles.ntp.org does not exist,
@@ -185,34 +375,60 @@ def generate_server_names(distro):
     return names
 
 
-def write_ntp_config_template(cfg, cloud, path, template=None):
-    servers = cfg.get('servers', [])
-    pools = cfg.get('pools', [])
+def write_ntp_config_template(distro_name, servers=None, pools=None,
+                              path=None, template_fn=None, template=None):
+    """Render a ntp client configuration for the specified client.
+
+    @param distro_name: string.  The distro class name.
+    @param servers: A list of strings specifying ntp servers. Defaults to empty
+    list.
+    @param pools: A list of strings specifying ntp pools. Defaults to empty
+    list.
+    @param path: A string to specify where to write the rendered template.
+    @param template_fn: A string to specify the template source file.
+    @param template: A string specifying the contents of the template. This
+    content will be written to a temporary file before being used to render
+    the configuration file.
+
+    @raises: ValueError when path is None.
+    @raises: ValueError when template_fn is None and template is None.
+    """
+    if not servers:
+        servers = []
+    if not pools:
+        pools = []
 
     if len(servers) == 0 and len(pools) == 0:
-        pools = generate_server_names(cloud.distro.name)
+        pools = generate_server_names(distro_name)
         LOG.debug(
             'Adding distro default ntp pool servers: %s', ','.join(pools))
 
-    params = {
-        'servers': servers,
-        'pools': pools,
-    }
+    if not path:
+        raise ValueError('Invalid value for path parameter')
 
-    if template is None:
-        template = 'ntp.conf.%s' % cloud.distro.name
+    if not template_fn and not template:
+        raise ValueError('Not template_fn or template provided')
 
-    template_fn = cloud.get_template_filename(template)
-    if not template_fn:
-        template_fn = cloud.get_template_filename('ntp.conf')
-        if not template_fn:
-            raise RuntimeError(
-                'No template found, not rendering {path}'.format(path=path))
+    params = {'servers': servers, 'pools': pools}
+    if template:
+        tfile = temp_utils.mkstemp(prefix='template_name-', suffix=".tmpl")
+        template_fn = tfile[1]  # filepath is second item in tuple
+        util.write_file(template_fn, content=template)
 
     templater.render_to_file(template_fn, path, params)
+    # clean up temporary template
+    if template:
+        util.del_file(template_fn)
 
 
 def reload_ntp(service, systemd=False):
+    """Restart or reload an ntp system service.
+
+    @param service: A string specifying the name of the service to be affected.
+    @param systemd: A boolean indicating if the distro uses systemd, defaults
+    to False.
+    @returns: A tuple of stdout, stderr results from executing the action.
+    """
     if systemd:
         cmd = ['systemctl', 'reload-or-restart', service]
     else:
@@ -220,4 +436,117 @@ def reload_ntp(service, systemd=False):
     util.subp(cmd, capture=True)
 
 
+def supplemental_schema_validation(ntp_config):
+    """Validate user-provided ntp:config option values.
+
+    This function supplements flexible jsonschema validation with specific
+    value checks to aid in triage of invalid user-provided configuration.
+
+    @param ntp_config: Dictionary of configuration value under 'ntp'.
+
+    @raises: ValueError describing invalid values provided.
+    """
+    errors = []
+    missing = REQUIRED_NTP_CONFIG_KEYS.difference(set(ntp_config.keys()))
+    if missing:
+        keys = ', '.join(sorted(missing))
+        errors.append(
+            'Missing required ntp:config keys: {keys}'.format(keys=keys))
+    elif not any([ntp_config.get('template'),
+                  ntp_config.get('template_name')]):
+        errors.append(
+            'Either ntp:config:template or ntp:config:template_name values'
+            ' are required')
+    for key, value in sorted(ntp_config.items()):
+        keypath = 'ntp:config:' + key
+        if key == 'confpath':
+            if not all([value, isinstance(value, six.string_types)]):
+                errors.append(
+                    'Expected a config file path {keypath}.'
+                    ' Found ({value})'.format(keypath=keypath, value=value))
+        elif key == 'packages':
+            if not isinstance(value, list):
+                errors.append(
+                    'Expected a list of required package names for {keypath}.'
+                    ' Found ({value})'.format(keypath=keypath, value=value))
+        elif key in ('template', 'template_name'):
+            if value is None:  # Either template or template_name can be none
+                continue
+            if not isinstance(value, six.string_types):
+                errors.append(
+                    'Expected a string type for {keypath}.'
+                    ' Found ({value})'.format(keypath=keypath, value=value))
+        elif not isinstance(value, six.string_types):
+            errors.append(
+                'Expected a string type for {keypath}.'
+                ' Found ({value})'.format(keypath=keypath, value=value))
+
+    if errors:
+        raise ValueError(r'Invalid ntp configuration:\n{errors}'.format(
+            errors='\n'.join(errors)))
+
+
+def handle(name, cfg, cloud, log, _args):
+    """Enable and configure ntp."""
+    if 'ntp' not in cfg:
+        LOG.debug(
+            "Skipping module named %s, not present or disabled by cfg", name)
+        return
+    ntp_cfg = cfg['ntp']
+    if ntp_cfg is None:
+        ntp_cfg = {}  # Allow empty config which will install the package
+
+    # TODO drop this when validate_cloudconfig_schema is strict=True
+    if not isinstance(ntp_cfg, (dict)):
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            "'ntp' key existed in config, but not a dictionary type,"
+            " is a {_type} instead".format(_type=type_utils.obj_name(ntp_cfg)))
+
+    validate_cloudconfig_schema(cfg, schema)
+
+    # Allow users to explicitly enable/disable
+    enabled = ntp_cfg.get('enabled', True)
+    if util.is_false(enabled):
+        LOG.debug("Skipping module named %s, disabled by cfg", name)
+        return
+
+    # Select which client is going to be used and get the configuration
+    ntp_client_config = select_ntp_client(ntp_cfg.get('ntp_client'),
+                                          cloud.distro)
+
+    # Allow user ntp config to override distro configurations
+    ntp_client_config = util.mergemanydict(
+        [ntp_client_config, ntp_cfg.get('config', {})], reverse=True)
+
+    supplemental_schema_validation(ntp_client_config)
+    rename_ntp_conf(confpath=ntp_client_config.get('confpath'))
+
+    template_fn = None
+    if not ntp_client_config.get('template'):
+        template_name = (
+            ntp_client_config.get('template_name').replace('{distro}',
+                                                           cloud.distro.name))
+        template_fn = cloud.get_template_filename(template_name)
+        if not template_fn:
+            msg = ('No template found, not rendering %s' %
+                   ntp_client_config.get('template_name'))
+            raise RuntimeError(msg)
+
+    write_ntp_config_template(cloud.distro.name,
+                              servers=ntp_cfg.get('servers', []),
+                              pools=ntp_cfg.get('pools', []),
+                              path=ntp_client_config.get('confpath'),
+                              template_fn=template_fn,
+                              template=ntp_client_config.get('template'))
+
+    install_ntp_client(cloud.distro.install_packages,
+                       packages=ntp_client_config['packages'],
+                       check_exe=ntp_client_config['check_exe'])
+    try:
+        reload_ntp(ntp_client_config['service_name'],
+                   systemd=cloud.distro.uses_systemd())
+    except util.ProcessExecutionError as e:
+        LOG.exception("Failed to reload/start ntp service: %s", e)
+        raise
+
 # vi: ts=4 expandtab
diff --git a/cloudinit/distros/__init__.py b/cloudinit/distros/__init__.py
index 55260ea..6c22b07 100755
--- a/cloudinit/distros/__init__.py
+++ b/cloudinit/distros/__init__.py
@@ -49,6 +49,9 @@ LOG = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 # It could break when Amazon adds new regions and new AZs.
 _EC2_AZ_RE = re.compile('^[a-z][a-z]-(?:[a-z]+-)+[0-9][a-z]$')
 
+# Default NTP Client Configurations
+PREFERRED_NTP_CLIENTS = ['chrony', 'systemd-timesyncd', 'ntp', 'ntpdate']
+
 
 @six.add_metaclass(abc.ABCMeta)
 class Distro(object):
@@ -60,6 +63,7 @@ class Distro(object):
     tz_zone_dir = "/usr/share/zoneinfo"
     init_cmd = ['service']  # systemctl, service etc
     renderer_configs = {}
+    _preferred_ntp_clients = None
 
     def __init__(self, name, cfg, paths):
         self._paths = paths
@@ -339,6 +343,14 @@ class Distro(object):
             contents.write("%s\n" % (eh))
             util.write_file(self.hosts_fn, contents.getvalue(), mode=0o644)
 
+    @property
+    def preferred_ntp_clients(self):
+        """Allow distro to determine the preferred ntp client list"""
+        if not self._preferred_ntp_clients:
+            self._preferred_ntp_clients = list(PREFERRED_NTP_CLIENTS)
+
+        return self._preferred_ntp_clients
+
     def _bring_up_interface(self, device_name):
         cmd = ['ifup', device_name]
         LOG.debug("Attempting to run bring up interface %s using command %s",
diff --git a/cloudinit/distros/opensuse.py b/cloudinit/distros/opensuse.py
index 162dfa0..9f90e95 100644
--- a/cloudinit/distros/opensuse.py
+++ b/cloudinit/distros/opensuse.py
@@ -208,4 +208,28 @@ class Distro(distros.Distro):
                                             nameservers, searchservers)
         return dev_names
 
+    @property
+    def preferred_ntp_clients(self):
+        """The preferred ntp client is dependent on the version."""
+
+        """Allow distro to determine the preferred ntp client list"""
+        if not self._preferred_ntp_clients:
+            distro_info = util.system_info()['dist']
+            name = distro_info[0]
+            major_ver = int(distro_info[1].split('.')[0])
+
+            # This is horribly complicated because of a case of
+            # "we do not care if versions should be increasing syndrome"
+            if (
+                (major_ver >= 15 and 'openSUSE' not in name) or
+                (major_ver >= 15 and 'openSUSE' in name and major_ver != 42)
+            ):
+                self._preferred_ntp_clients = ['chrony',
+                                               'systemd-timesyncd', 'ntp']
+            else:
+                self._preferred_ntp_clients = ['ntp',
+                                               'systemd-timesyncd', 'chrony']
+
+        return self._preferred_ntp_clients
+
 # vi: ts=4 expandtab
diff --git a/cloudinit/distros/ubuntu.py b/cloudinit/distros/ubuntu.py
index 82ca34f..fdc1f62 100644
--- a/cloudinit/distros/ubuntu.py
+++ b/cloudinit/distros/ubuntu.py
@@ -10,12 +10,31 @@
 # This file is part of cloud-init. See LICENSE file for license information.
 
 from cloudinit.distros import debian
+from cloudinit.distros import PREFERRED_NTP_CLIENTS
 from cloudinit import log as logging
+from cloudinit import util
+
+import copy
 
 LOG = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
 class Distro(debian.Distro):
+
+    @property
+    def preferred_ntp_clients(self):
+        """The preferred ntp client is dependent on the version."""
+        if not self._preferred_ntp_clients:
+            (name, version, codename) = util.system_info()['dist']
+            # Xenial cloud-init only installed ntp, UbuntuCore has timesyncd.
+            if codename == "xenial" and not util.system_is_snappy():
+                self._preferred_ntp_clients = ['ntp']
+            else:
+                self._preferred_ntp_clients = (
+                    copy.deepcopy(PREFERRED_NTP_CLIENTS))
+        return self._preferred_ntp_clients
+
     pass
 
+
 # vi: ts=4 expandtab
diff --git a/cloudinit/templater.py b/cloudinit/templater.py
index b3ea64e..9a087e1 100644
--- a/cloudinit/templater.py
+++ b/cloudinit/templater.py
@@ -121,7 +121,11 @@ def detect_template(text):
 def render_from_file(fn, params):
     if not params:
         params = {}
-    template_type, renderer, content = detect_template(util.load_file(fn))
+    # jinja in python2 uses unicode internally.  All py2 str will be decoded.
+    # If it is given a str that has non-ascii then it will raise a
+    # UnicodeDecodeError.  So we explicitly convert to unicode type here.
+    template_type, renderer, content = detect_template(
+        util.load_file(fn, decode=False).decode('utf-8'))
     LOG.debug("Rendering content of '%s' using renderer %s", fn, template_type)
     return renderer(content, params)
 
@@ -132,11 +136,15 @@ def render_to_file(fn, outfn, params, mode=0o644):
 
 
 def render_string_to_file(content, outfn, params, mode=0o644):
+    """Render string (or py2 unicode) to file.
+    Warning: py2 str with non-ascii chars will cause UnicodeDecodeError."""
     contents = render_string(content, params)
     util.write_file(outfn, contents, mode=mode)
 
 
 def render_string(content, params):
+    """Render string (or py2 unicode).
+    Warning: py2 str with non-ascii chars will cause UnicodeDecodeError."""
     if not params:
         params = {}
     template_type, renderer, content = detect_template(content)
diff --git a/config/cloud.cfg.tmpl b/config/cloud.cfg.tmpl
index 3129d4e..5619de3 100644
--- a/config/cloud.cfg.tmpl
+++ b/config/cloud.cfg.tmpl
@@ -151,6 +151,8 @@ system_info:
      groups: [adm, audio, cdrom, dialout, dip, floppy, lxd, netdev, plugdev, sudo, video]
      sudo: ["ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL"]
      shell: /bin/bash
+   # Automatically discover the best ntp_client
+   ntp_client: auto
    # Other config here will be given to the distro class and/or path classes
    paths:
       cloud_dir: /var/lib/cloud/
diff --git a/debian/changelog b/debian/changelog
index 390f345..d3a4234 100644
--- a/debian/changelog
+++ b/debian/changelog
@@ -1,3 +1,15 @@
+cloud-init (18.2-9-g49b562c9-0ubuntu1) bionic; urgency=medium
+
+  * New upstream snapshot.
+    - tools: Fix make-tarball cli tool usage for development
+    - renderer: support unicode in render_from_file.
+    - Implement ntp client spec with auto support for distro selection
+      (LP: #1749722)
+    - Apport: add Brightbox, IBM, LXD, and OpenTelekomCloud to list of clouds.
+    - tests: fix ec2 integration network metadata validation
+
+ -- Chad Smith <[e-mail]>  Thu, 12 Apr 2018 16:06:24 -0600
+
 cloud-init (18.2-4-g05926e48-0ubuntu2) bionic; urgency=medium
 
   * debian/cloud-init.templates: enable IBMCloud by default (LP: #1762773).
diff --git a/templates/chrony.conf.debian.tmpl b/templates/chrony.conf.debian.tmpl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..661bf04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/templates/chrony.conf.debian.tmpl
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+## template:jinja
+# Welcome to the chrony configuration file. See chrony.conf(5) for more
+# information about usuable directives.
+{% if pools %}# pools
+{% endif %}
+{% for pool in pools -%}
+pool {{pool}} iburst
+{% endfor %}
+{%- if servers %}# servers
+{% endif %}
+{% for server in servers -%}
+server {{server}} iburst
+{% endfor %}
+
+# This directive specify the location of the file containing ID/key pairs for
+# NTP authentication.
+keyfile /etc/chrony/chrony.keys
+
+# This directive specify the file into which chronyd will store the rate
+# information.
+driftfile /var/lib/chrony/chrony.drift
+
+# Uncomment the following line to turn logging on.
+#log tracking measurements statistics
+
+# Log files location.
+logdir /var/log/chrony
+
+# Stop bad estimates upsetting machine clock.
+maxupdateskew 100.0
+
+# This directive enables kernel synchronisation (every 11 minutes) of the
+# real-time clock. Note that it can’t be used along with the 'rtcfile' directive.
+rtcsync
+
+# Step the system clock instead of slewing it if the adjustment is larger than
+# one second, but only in the first three clock updates.
+makestep 1 3
+
diff --git a/templates/chrony.conf.fedora.tmpl b/templates/chrony.conf.fedora.tmpl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8551f79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/templates/chrony.conf.fedora.tmpl
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+## template:jinja
+# Use public servers from the pool.ntp.org project.
+# Please consider joining the pool (http://www.pool.ntp.org/join.html).
+{% if pools %}# pools
+{% endif %}
+{% for pool in pools -%}
+pool {{pool}} iburst
+{% endfor %}
+{%- if servers %}# servers
+{% endif %}
+{% for server in servers -%}
+server {{server}} iburst
+{% endfor %}
+
+# Record the rate at which the system clock gains/losses time.
+driftfile /var/lib/chrony/drift
+
+# Allow the system clock to be stepped in the first three updates
+# if its offset is larger than 1 second.
+makestep 1.0 3
+
+# Enable kernel synchronization of the real-time clock (RTC).
+rtcsync
+
+# Enable hardware timestamping on all interfaces that support it.
+#hwtimestamp *
+
+# Increase the minimum number of selectable sources required to adjust
+# the system clock.
+#minsources 2
+
+# Allow NTP client access from local network.
+#allow 192.168.0.0/16
+
+# Serve time even if not synchronized to a time source.
+#local stratum 10
+
+# Specify file containing keys for NTP authentication.
+#keyfile /etc/chrony.keys
+
+# Get TAI-UTC offset and leap seconds from the system tz database.
+leapsectz right/UTC
+
+# Specify directory for log files.
+logdir /var/log/chrony
+
+# Select which information is logged.
+#log measurements statistics tracking
diff --git a/templates/chrony.conf.opensuse.tmpl b/templates/chrony.conf.opensuse.tmpl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a3d3e0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/templates/chrony.conf.opensuse.tmpl
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+## template:jinja
+# Use public servers from the pool.ntp.org project.
+# Please consider joining the pool (http://www.pool.ntp.org/join.html).
+{% if pools %}# pools
+{% endif %}
+{% for pool in pools -%}
+pool {{pool}} iburst
+{% endfor %}
+{%- if servers %}# servers
+{% endif %}
+{% for server in servers -%}
+server {{server}} iburst
+{% endfor %}
+
+# Record the rate at which the system clock gains/losses time.
+driftfile /var/lib/chrony/drift
+
+# In first three updates step the system clock instead of slew
+# if the adjustment is larger than 1 second.
+makestep 1.0 3
+
+# Enable kernel synchronization of the real-time clock (RTC).
+rtcsync
+
+# Allow NTP client access from local network.
+#allow 192.168/16
+
+# Serve time even if not synchronized to any NTP server.
+#local stratum 10
+
+# Specify file containing keys for NTP authentication.
+#keyfile /etc/chrony.keys
+
+# Specify directory for log files.
+logdir /var/log/chrony
+
+# Select which information is logged.
+#log measurements statistics tracking
diff --git a/templates/chrony.conf.rhel.tmpl b/templates/chrony.conf.rhel.tmpl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5b3542e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/templates/chrony.conf.rhel.tmpl
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+## template:jinja
+# Use public servers from the pool.ntp.org project.
+# Please consider joining the pool (http://www.pool.ntp.org/join.html).
+{% if pools %}# pools
+{% endif %}
+{% for pool in pools -%}
+pool {{pool}} iburst
+{% endfor %}
+{%- if servers %}# servers
+{% endif %}
+{% for server in servers -%}
+server {{server}} iburst
+{% endfor %}
+
+# Record the rate at which the system clock gains/losses time.
+driftfile /var/lib/chrony/drift
+
+# Allow the system clock to be stepped in the first three updates
+# if its offset is larger than 1 second.
+makestep 1.0 3
+
+# Enable kernel synchronization of the real-time clock (RTC).
+rtcsync
+
+# Enable hardware timestamping on all interfaces that support it.
+#hwtimestamp *
+
+# Increase the minimum number of selectable sources required to adjust
+# the system clock.
+#minsources 2
+
+# Allow NTP client access from local network.
+#allow 192.168.0.0/16
+
+# Serve time even if not synchronized to a time source.
+#local stratum 10
+
+# Specify file containing keys for NTP authentication.
+#keyfile /etc/chrony.keys
+
+# Specify directory for log files.
+logdir /var/log/chrony
+
+# Select which information is logged.
+#log measurements statistics tracking
diff --git a/templates/chrony.conf.sles.tmpl b/templates/chrony.conf.sles.tmpl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a3d3e0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/templates/chrony.conf.sles.tmpl
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+## template:jinja
+# Use public servers from the pool.ntp.org project.
+# Please consider joining the pool (http://www.pool.ntp.org/join.html).
+{% if pools %}# pools
+{% endif %}
+{% for pool in pools -%}
+pool {{pool}} iburst
+{% endfor %}
+{%- if servers %}# servers
+{% endif %}
+{% for server in servers -%}
+server {{server}} iburst
+{% endfor %}
+
+# Record the rate at which the system clock gains/losses time.
+driftfile /var/lib/chrony/drift
+
+# In first three updates step the system clock instead of slew
+# if the adjustment is larger than 1 second.
+makestep 1.0 3
+
+# Enable kernel synchronization of the real-time clock (RTC).
+rtcsync
+
+# Allow NTP client access from local network.
+#allow 192.168/16
+
+# Serve time even if not synchronized to any NTP server.
+#local stratum 10
+
+# Specify file containing keys for NTP authentication.
+#keyfile /etc/chrony.keys
+
+# Specify directory for log files.
+logdir /var/log/chrony
+
+# Select which information is logged.
+#log measurements statistics tracking
diff --git a/templates/chrony.conf.ubuntu.tmpl b/templates/chrony.conf.ubuntu.tmpl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..50a6f51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/templates/chrony.conf.ubuntu.tmpl
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+## template:jinja
+# Welcome to the chrony configuration file. See chrony.conf(5) for more
+# information about usuable directives.
+
+# Use servers from the NTP Pool Project. Approved by Ubuntu Technical Board
+# on 2011-02-08 (LP: #104525). See http://www.pool.ntp.org/join.html for
+# more information.
+{% if pools %}# pools
+{% endif %}
+{% for pool in pools -%}
+pool {{pool}} iburst
+{% endfor %}
+{%- if servers %}# servers
+{% endif %}
+{% for server in servers -%}
+server {{server}} iburst
+{% endfor %}
+
+# This directive specify the location of the file containing ID/key pairs for
+# NTP authentication.
+keyfile /etc/chrony/chrony.keys
+
+# This directive specify the file into which chronyd will store the rate
+# information.
+driftfile /var/lib/chrony/chrony.drift
+
+# Uncomment the following line to turn logging on.
+#log tracking measurements statistics
+
+# Log files location.
+logdir /var/log/chrony
+
+# Stop bad estimates upsetting machine clock.
+maxupdateskew 100.0
+
+# This directive enables kernel synchronisation (every 11 minutes) of the
+# real-time clock. Note that it can’t be used along with the 'rtcfile' directive.
+rtcsync
+
+# Step the system clock instead of slewing it if the adjustment is larger than
+# one second, but only in the first three clock updates.
+makestep 1 3
diff --git a/tests/cloud_tests/testcases/base.py b/tests/cloud_tests/testcases/base.py
index 324c7c9..7598d46 100644
--- a/tests/cloud_tests/testcases/base.py
+++ b/tests/cloud_tests/testcases/base.py
@@ -149,7 +149,10 @@ class CloudTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(
             ['ds/user-data'], instance_data['base64-encoded-keys'])
         ds = instance_data.get('ds', {})
-        macs = ds.get('network', {}).get('interfaces', {}).get('macs', {})
+        v1_data = instance_data.get('v1', {})
+        metadata = ds.get('meta-data', {})
+        macs = metadata.get(
+            'network', {}).get('interfaces', {}).get('macs', {})
         if not macs:
             raise AssertionError('No network data from EC2 meta-data')
         # Check meta-data items we depend on
@@ -160,10 +163,8 @@ class CloudTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
             for key in expected_net_keys:
                 self.assertIn(key, mac_data)
         self.assertIsNotNone(
-            ds.get('placement', {}).get('availability-zone'),
+            metadata.get('placement', {}).get('availability-zone'),
             'Could not determine EC2 Availability zone placement')
-        ds = instance_data.get('ds', {})
-        v1_data = instance_data.get('v1', {})
         self.assertIsNotNone(
             v1_data['availability-zone'], 'expected ec2 availability-zone')
         self.assertEqual('aws', v1_data['cloud-name'])
diff --git a/tests/cloud_tests/testcases/modules/ntp.yaml b/tests/cloud_tests/testcases/modules/ntp.yaml
index 2530d72..7ea0707 100644
--- a/tests/cloud_tests/testcases/modules/ntp.yaml
+++ b/tests/cloud_tests/testcases/modules/ntp.yaml
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 cloud_config: |
   #cloud-config
   ntp:
+    ntp_client: ntp
     pools: []
     servers: []
 collect_scripts:
diff --git a/tests/cloud_tests/testcases/modules/ntp_chrony.py b/tests/cloud_tests/testcases/modules/ntp_chrony.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..461630a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cloud_tests/testcases/modules/ntp_chrony.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# This file is part of cloud-init. See LICENSE file for license information.
+
+"""cloud-init Integration Test Verify Script."""
+from tests.cloud_tests.testcases import base
+
+
+class TestNtpChrony(base.CloudTestCase):
+    """Test ntp module with chrony client"""
+
+    def test_chrony_entires(self):
+        """Test chrony config entries"""
+        out = self.get_data_file('chrony_conf')
+        self.assertIn('.pool.ntp.org', out)
+
+# vi: ts=4 expandtab
diff --git a/tests/cloud_tests/testcases/modules/ntp_chrony.yaml b/tests/cloud_tests/testcases/modules/ntp_chrony.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..120735e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cloud_tests/testcases/modules/ntp_chrony.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#
+# ntp enabled, chrony selected, check conf file
+# as chrony won't start in a container
+#
+cloud_config: |
+  #cloud-config
+  ntp:
+    enabled: true
+    ntp_client: chrony
+collect_scripts:
+  chrony_conf: |
+    #!/bin/sh
+    set -- /etc/chrony.conf /etc/chrony/chrony.conf
+    for p in "$@"; do
+        [ -e "$p" ] && { cat "$p"; exit; }
+    done
+# vi: ts=4 expandtab
diff --git a/tests/cloud_tests/testcases/modules/ntp_pools.yaml b/tests/cloud_tests/testcases/modules/ntp_pools.yaml
index d490b22..60fa0fd 100644
--- a/tests/cloud_tests/testcases/modules/ntp_pools.yaml
+++ b/tests/cloud_tests/testcases/modules/ntp_pools.yaml
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ required_features:
 cloud_config: |
   #cloud-config
   ntp:
+    ntp_client: ntp
     pools:
         - 0.cloud-init.mypool
         - 1.cloud-init.mypool
diff --git a/tests/cloud_tests/testcases/modules/ntp_servers.yaml b/tests/cloud_tests/testcases/modules/ntp_servers.yaml
index 6b13b70..ee63667 100644
--- a/tests/cloud_tests/testcases/modules/ntp_servers.yaml
+++ b/tests/cloud_tests/testcases/modules/ntp_servers.yaml
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ required_features:
 cloud_config: |
   #cloud-config
   ntp:
+    ntp_client: ntp
     servers:
         - 172.16.15.14
         - 172.16.17.18
diff --git a/tests/cloud_tests/testcases/modules/ntp_timesyncd.py b/tests/cloud_tests/testcases/modules/ntp_timesyncd.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eca750b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cloud_tests/testcases/modules/ntp_timesyncd.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# This file is part of cloud-init. See LICENSE file for license information.
+
+"""cloud-init Integration Test Verify Script."""
+from tests.cloud_tests.testcases import base
+
+
+class TestNtpTimesyncd(base.CloudTestCase):
+    """Test ntp module with systemd-timesyncd client"""
+
+    def test_timesyncd_entries(self):
+        """Test timesyncd config entries"""
+        out = self.get_data_file('timesyncd_conf')
+        self.assertIn('.pool.ntp.org', out)
+
+# vi: ts=4 expandtab
diff --git a/tests/cloud_tests/testcases/modules/ntp_timesyncd.yaml b/tests/cloud_tests/testcases/modules/ntp_timesyncd.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ee47a74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cloud_tests/testcases/modules/ntp_timesyncd.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#
+# ntp enabled, systemd-timesyncd selected, check conf file
+# as systemd-timesyncd won't start in a container
+#
+cloud_config: |
+  #cloud-config
+  ntp:
+    enabled: true
+    ntp_client: systemd-timesyncd
+collect_scripts:
+  timesyncd_conf: |
+    #!/bin/sh
+    cat /etc/systemd/timesyncd.conf.d/cloud-init.conf
+
+# vi: ts=4 expandtab
diff --git a/tests/unittests/test_distros/test_netconfig.py b/tests/unittests/test_distros/test_netconfig.py
index 1c2e45f..7765e40 100644
--- a/tests/unittests/test_distros/test_netconfig.py
+++ b/tests/unittests/test_distros/test_netconfig.py
@@ -189,6 +189,12 @@ hn0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> metric 0 mtu 1500
         status: active
 """
 
+    def setUp(self):
+        super(TestNetCfgDistro, self).setUp()
+        self.add_patch('cloudinit.util.system_is_snappy', 'm_snappy')
+        self.add_patch('cloudinit.util.system_info', 'm_sysinfo')
+        self.m_sysinfo.return_value = {'dist': ('Distro', '99.1', 'Codename')}
+
     def _get_distro(self, dname, renderers=None):
         cls = distros.fetch(dname)
         cfg = settings.CFG_BUILTIN
diff --git a/tests/unittests/test_distros/test_user_data_normalize.py b/tests/unittests/test_distros/test_user_data_normalize.py
index 0fa9cdb..fa4b6cf 100644
--- a/tests/unittests/test_distros/test_user_data_normalize.py
+++ b/tests/unittests/test_distros/test_user_data_normalize.py
@@ -22,6 +22,12 @@ bcfg = {
 
 class TestUGNormalize(TestCase):
 
+    def setUp(self):
+        super(TestUGNormalize, self).setUp()
+        self.add_patch('cloudinit.util.system_is_snappy', 'm_snappy')
+        self.add_patch('cloudinit.util.system_info', 'm_sysinfo')
+        self.m_sysinfo.return_value = {'dist': ('Distro', '99.1', 'Codename')}
+
     def _make_distro(self, dtype, def_user=None):
         cfg = dict(settings.CFG_BUILTIN)
         cfg['system_info']['distro'] = dtype
diff --git a/tests/unittests/test_handler/test_handler_ntp.py b/tests/unittests/test_handler/test_handler_ntp.py
index 695897c..02676aa 100644
--- a/tests/unittests/test_handler/test_handler_ntp.py
+++ b/tests/unittests/test_handler/test_handler_ntp.py
@@ -4,20 +4,21 @@ from cloudinit.config import cc_ntp
 from cloudinit.sources import DataSourceNone
 from cloudinit import (distros, helpers, cloud, util)
 from cloudinit.tests.helpers import (
-    FilesystemMockingTestCase, mock, skipUnlessJsonSchema)
+    CiTestCase, FilesystemMockingTestCase, mock, skipUnlessJsonSchema)
 
 
+import copy
 import os
 from os.path import dirname
 import shutil
 
-NTP_TEMPLATE = b"""\
+NTP_TEMPLATE = """\
 ## template: jinja
 servers {{servers}}
 pools {{pools}}
 """
 
-TIMESYNCD_TEMPLATE = b"""\
+TIMESYNCD_TEMPLATE = """\
 ## template:jinja
 [Time]
 {% if servers or pools -%}
@@ -32,56 +33,88 @@ class TestNtp(FilesystemMockingTestCase):
 
     def setUp(self):
         super(TestNtp, self).setUp()
-        self.subp = util.subp
         self.new_root = self.tmp_dir()
+        self.add_patch('cloudinit.util.system_is_snappy', 'm_snappy')
+        self.m_snappy.return_value = False
+        self.add_patch('cloudinit.util.system_info', 'm_sysinfo')
+        self.m_sysinfo.return_value = {'dist': ('Distro', '99.1', 'Codename')}
 
-    def _get_cloud(self, distro):
-        self.patchUtils(self.new_root)
+    def _get_cloud(self, distro, sys_cfg=None):
+        self.new_root = self.reRoot(root=self.new_root)
         paths = helpers.Paths({'templates_dir': self.new_root})
         cls = distros.fetch(distro)
-        mydist = cls(distro, {}, paths)
-        myds = DataSourceNone.DataSourceNone({}, mydist, paths)
-        return cloud.Cloud(myds, paths, {}, mydist, None)
+        if not sys_cfg:
+            sys_cfg = {}
+        mydist = cls(distro, sys_cfg, paths)
+        myds = DataSourceNone.DataSourceNone(sys_cfg, mydist, paths)
+        return cloud.Cloud(myds, paths, sys_cfg, mydist, None)
+
+    def _get_template_path(self, template_name, distro, basepath=None):
+        # ntp.conf.{distro} -> ntp.conf.debian.tmpl
+        template_fn = '{0}.tmpl'.format(
+            template_name.replace('{distro}', distro))
+        if not basepath:
+            basepath = self.new_root
+        path = os.path.join(basepath, template_fn)
+        return path
+
+    def _generate_template(self, template=None):
+        if not template:
+            template = NTP_TEMPLATE
+        confpath = os.path.join(self.new_root, 'client.conf')
+        template_fn = os.path.join(self.new_root, 'client.conf.tmpl')
+        util.write_file(template_fn, content=template)
+        return (confpath, template_fn)
+
+    def _mock_ntp_client_config(self, client=None, distro=None):
+        if not client:
+            client = 'ntp'
+        if not distro:
+            distro = 'ubuntu'
+        dcfg = cc_ntp.distro_ntp_client_configs(distro)
+        if client == 'systemd-timesyncd':
+            template = TIMESYNCD_TEMPLATE
+        else:
+            template = NTP_TEMPLATE
+        (confpath, template_fn) = self._generate_template(template=template)
+        ntpconfig = copy.deepcopy(dcfg[client])
+        ntpconfig['confpath'] = confpath
+        ntpconfig['template_name'] = os.path.basename(confpath)
+        return ntpconfig
 
     @mock.patch("cloudinit.config.cc_ntp.util")
     def test_ntp_install(self, mock_util):
-        """ntp_install installs via install_func when check_exe is absent."""
+        """ntp_install_client runs install_func when check_exe is absent."""
         mock_util.which.return_value = None  # check_exe not found.
         install_func = mock.MagicMock()
-        cc_ntp.install_ntp(install_func, packages=['ntpx'], check_exe='ntpdx')
-
+        cc_ntp.install_ntp_client(install_func,
+                                  packages=['ntpx'], check_exe='ntpdx')
         mock_util.which.assert_called_with('ntpdx')
         install_func.assert_called_once_with(['ntpx'])
 
     @mock.patch("cloudinit.config.cc_ntp.util")
     def test_ntp_install_not_needed(self, mock_util):
-        """ntp_install doesn't attempt install when check_exe is found."""
-        mock_util.which.return_value = ["/usr/sbin/ntpd"]  # check_exe found.
+        """ntp_install_client doesn't install when check_exe is found."""
+        client = 'chrony'
+        mock_util.which.return_value = [client]  # check_exe found.
         install_func = mock.MagicMock()
-        cc_ntp.install_ntp(install_func, packages=['ntp'], check_exe='ntpd')
+        cc_ntp.install_ntp_client(install_func, packages=[client],
+                                  check_exe=client)
         install_func.assert_not_called()
 
     @mock.patch("cloudinit.config.cc_ntp.util")
     def test_ntp_install_no_op_with_empty_pkg_list(self, mock_util):
-        """ntp_install calls install_func with empty list"""
+        """ntp_install_client runs install_func with empty list"""
         mock_util.which.return_value = None  # check_exe not found
         install_func = mock.MagicMock()
-        cc_ntp.install_ntp(install_func, packages=[], check_exe='timesyncd')
+        cc_ntp.install_ntp_client(install_func, packages=[],
+                                  check_exe='timesyncd')
         install_func.assert_called_once_with([])
 
-    def test_ntp_rename_ntp_conf(self):
-        """When NTP_CONF exists, rename_ntp moves it."""
-        ntpconf = self.tmp_path("ntp.conf", self.new_root)
-        util.write_file(ntpconf, "")
-        with mock.patch("cloudinit.config.cc_ntp.NTP_CONF", ntpconf):
-            cc_ntp.rename_ntp_conf()
-        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(ntpconf))
-        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists("{0}.dist".format(ntpconf)))
-
     @mock.patch("cloudinit.config.cc_ntp.util")
     def test_reload_ntp_defaults(self, mock_util):
         """Test service is restarted/reloaded (defaults)"""
-        service = 'ntp'
+        service = 'ntp_service_name'
         cmd = ['service', service, 'restart']
         cc_ntp.reload_ntp(service)
         mock_util.subp.assert_called_with(cmd, capture=True)
@@ -89,193 +122,171 @@ class TestNtp(FilesystemMockingTestCase):
     @mock.patch("cloudinit.config.cc_ntp.util")
     def test_reload_ntp_systemd(self, mock_util):
         """Test service is restarted/reloaded (systemd)"""
-        service = 'ntp'
-        cmd = ['systemctl', 'reload-or-restart', service]
+        service = 'ntp_service_name'
         cc_ntp.reload_ntp(service, systemd=True)
-        mock_util.subp.assert_called_with(cmd, capture=True)
-
-    @mock.patch("cloudinit.config.cc_ntp.util")
-    def test_reload_ntp_systemd_timesycnd(self, mock_util):
-        """Test service is restarted/reloaded (systemd/timesyncd)"""
-        service = 'systemd-timesycnd'
         cmd = ['systemctl', 'reload-or-restart', service]
-        cc_ntp.reload_ntp(service, systemd=True)
         mock_util.subp.assert_called_with(cmd, capture=True)
 
+    def test_ntp_rename_ntp_conf(self):
+        """When NTP_CONF exists, rename_ntp moves it."""
+        ntpconf = self.tmp_path("ntp.conf", self.new_root)
+        util.write_file(ntpconf, "")
+        cc_ntp.rename_ntp_conf(confpath=ntpconf)
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(ntpconf))
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists("{0}.dist".format(ntpconf)))
+
     def test_ntp_rename_ntp_conf_skip_missing(self):
         """When NTP_CONF doesn't exist rename_ntp doesn't create a file."""
         ntpconf = self.tmp_path("ntp.conf", self.new_root)
         self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(ntpconf))
-        with mock.patch("cloudinit.config.cc_ntp.NTP_CONF", ntpconf):
-            cc_ntp.rename_ntp_conf()
+        cc_ntp.rename_ntp_conf(confpath=ntpconf)
         self.assertFalse(os.path.exists("{0}.dist".format(ntpconf)))
         self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(ntpconf))
 
-    def test_write_ntp_config_template_from_ntp_conf_tmpl_with_servers(self):
-        """write_ntp_config_template reads content from ntp.conf.tmpl.
-
-        It reads ntp.conf.tmpl if present and renders the value from servers
-        key. When no pools key is defined, template is rendered using an empty
-        list for pools.
-        """
-        distro = 'ubuntu'
-        cfg = {
-            'servers': ['192.168.2.1', '192.168.2.2']
-        }
-        mycloud = self._get_cloud(distro)
-        ntp_conf = self.tmp_path("ntp.conf", self.new_root)  # Doesn't exist
-        # Create ntp.conf.tmpl
-        with open('{0}.tmpl'.format(ntp_conf), 'wb') as stream:
-            stream.write(NTP_TEMPLATE)
-        with mock.patch('cloudinit.config.cc_ntp.NTP_CONF', ntp_conf):
-            cc_ntp.write_ntp_config_template(cfg, mycloud, ntp_conf)
-        content = util.read_file_or_url('file://' + ntp_conf).contents
+    def test_write_ntp_config_template_uses_ntp_conf_distro_no_servers(self):
+        """write_ntp_config_template reads from $client.conf.distro.tmpl"""
+        servers = []
+        pools = ['10.0.0.1', '10.0.0.2']
+        (confpath, template_fn) = self._generate_template()
+        mock_path = 'cloudinit.config.cc_ntp.temp_utils._TMPDIR'
+        with mock.patch(mock_path, self.new_root):
+            cc_ntp.write_ntp_config_template('ubuntu',
+                                             servers=servers, pools=pools,
+                                             path=confpath,
+                                             template_fn=template_fn,
+                                             template=None)
+        content = util.read_file_or_url('file://' + confpath).contents
         self.assertEqual(
-            "servers ['192.168.2.1', '192.168.2.2']\npools []\n",
-            content.decode())
+            "servers []\npools ['10.0.0.1', '10.0.0.2']\n", content.decode())
 
-    def test_write_ntp_config_template_uses_ntp_conf_distro_no_servers(self):
-        """write_ntp_config_template reads content from ntp.conf.distro.tmpl.
+    def test_write_ntp_config_template_defaults_pools_w_empty_lists(self):
+        """write_ntp_config_template defaults pools servers upon empty config.
 
-        It reads ntp.conf.<distro>.tmpl before attempting ntp.conf.tmpl. It
-        renders the value from the keys servers and pools. When no
-        servers value is present, template is rendered using an empty list.
+        When both pools and servers are empty, default NR_POOL_SERVERS get
+        configured.
         """
         distro = 'ubuntu'
-        cfg = {
-            'pools': ['10.0.0.1', '10.0.0.2']
-        }
-        mycloud = self._get_cloud(distro)
-        ntp_conf = self.tmp_path('ntp.conf', self.new_root)  # Doesn't exist
-        # Create ntp.conf.tmpl which isn't read
-        with open('{0}.tmpl'.format(ntp_conf), 'wb') as stream:
-            stream.write(b'NOT READ: ntp.conf.<distro>.tmpl is primary')
-        # Create ntp.conf.tmpl.<distro>
-        with open('{0}.{1}.tmpl'.format(ntp_conf, distro), 'wb') as stream:
-            stream.write(NTP_TEMPLATE)
-        with mock.patch('cloudinit.config.cc_ntp.NTP_CONF', ntp_conf):
-            cc_ntp.write_ntp_config_template(cfg, mycloud, ntp_conf)
-        content = util.read_file_or_url('file://' + ntp_conf).contents
+        pools = cc_ntp.generate_server_names(distro)
+        servers = []
+        (confpath, template_fn) = self._generate_template()
+        mock_path = 'cloudinit.config.cc_ntp.temp_utils._TMPDIR'
+        with mock.patch(mock_path, self.new_root):
+            cc_ntp.write_ntp_config_template(distro,
+                                             servers=servers, pools=pools,
+                                             path=confpath,
+                                             template_fn=template_fn,
+                                             template=None)
+        content = util.read_file_or_url('file://' + confpath).contents
         self.assertEqual(
-            "servers []\npools ['10.0.0.1', '10.0.0.2']\n",
+            "servers []\npools {0}\n".format(pools),
             content.decode())
 
-    def test_write_ntp_config_template_defaults_pools_when_empty_lists(self):
-        """write_ntp_config_template defaults pools servers upon empty config.
+    def test_defaults_pools_empty_lists_sles(self):
+        """write_ntp_config_template defaults opensuse pools upon empty config.
 
         When both pools and servers are empty, default NR_POOL_SERVERS get
         configured.
         """
-        distro = 'ubuntu'
-        mycloud = self._get_cloud(distro)
-        ntp_conf = self.tmp_path('ntp.conf', self.new_root)  # Doesn't exist
-        # Create ntp.conf.tmpl
-        with open('{0}.tmpl'.format(ntp_conf), 'wb') as stream:
-            stream.write(NTP_TEMPLATE)
-        with mock.patch('cloudinit.config.cc_ntp.NTP_CONF', ntp_conf):
-            cc_ntp.write_ntp_config_template({}, mycloud, ntp_conf)
-        content = util.read_file_or_url('file://' + ntp_conf).contents
-        default_pools = [
-            "{0}.{1}.pool.ntp.org".format(x, distro)
-            for x in range(0, cc_ntp.NR_POOL_SERVERS)]
+        distro = 'sles'
+        default_pools = cc_ntp.generate_server_names(distro)
+        (confpath, template_fn) = self._generate_template()
+
+        cc_ntp.write_ntp_config_template(distro,
+                                         servers=[], pools=[],
+                                         path=confpath,
+                                         template_fn=template_fn,
+                                         template=None)
+        content = util.read_file_or_url('file://' + confpath).contents
+        for pool in default_pools:
+            self.assertIn('opensuse', pool)
         self.assertEqual(
-            "servers []\npools {0}\n".format(default_pools),
-            content.decode())
+            "servers []\npools {0}\n".format(default_pools), content.decode())
         self.assertIn(
             "Adding distro default ntp pool servers: {0}".format(
                 ",".join(default_pools)),
             self.logs.getvalue())
 
-    @mock.patch("cloudinit.config.cc_ntp.ntp_installable")
-    def test_ntp_handler_mocked_template(self, m_ntp_install):
-        """Test ntp handler renders ubuntu ntp.conf template."""
-        pools = ['0.mycompany.pool.ntp.org', '3.mycompany.pool.ntp.org']
-        servers = ['192.168.23.3', '192.168.23.4']
-        cfg = {
-            'ntp': {
-                'pools': pools,
-                'servers': servers
-            }
-        }
-        mycloud = self._get_cloud('ubuntu')
-        ntp_conf = self.tmp_path('ntp.conf', self.new_root)  # Doesn't exist
-        m_ntp_install.return_value = True
-
-        # Create ntp.conf.tmpl
-        with open('{0}.tmpl'.format(ntp_conf), 'wb') as stream:
-            stream.write(NTP_TEMPLATE)
-        with mock.patch('cloudinit.config.cc_ntp.NTP_CONF', ntp_conf):
-            with mock.patch.object(util, 'which', return_value=None):
-                cc_ntp.handle('notimportant', cfg, mycloud, None, None)
-
-        content = util.read_file_or_url('file://' + ntp_conf).contents
-        self.assertEqual(
-            'servers {0}\npools {1}\n'.format(servers, pools),
-            content.decode())
-
-    @mock.patch("cloudinit.config.cc_ntp.util")
-    def test_ntp_handler_mocked_template_snappy(self, m_util):
-        """Test ntp handler renders timesycnd.conf template on snappy."""
+    def test_timesyncd_template(self):
+        """Test timesycnd template is correct"""
         pools = ['0.mycompany.pool.ntp.org', '3.mycompany.pool.ntp.org']
         servers = ['192.168.23.3', '192.168.23.4']
-        cfg = {
-            'ntp': {
-                'pools': pools,
-                'servers': servers
-            }
-        }
-        mycloud = self._get_cloud('ubuntu')
-        m_util.system_is_snappy.return_value = True
-
-        # Create timesyncd.conf.tmpl
-        tsyncd_conf = self.tmp_path("timesyncd.conf", self.new_root)
-        template = '{0}.tmpl'.format(tsyncd_conf)
-        with open(template, 'wb') as stream:
-            stream.write(TIMESYNCD_TEMPLATE)
-
-        with mock.patch('cloudinit.config.cc_ntp.TIMESYNCD_CONF', tsyncd_conf):
-            cc_ntp.handle('notimportant', cfg, mycloud, None, None)
-
-        content = util.read_file_or_url('file://' + tsyncd_conf).contents
+        (confpath, template_fn) = self._generate_template(
+            template=TIMESYNCD_TEMPLATE)
+        cc_ntp.write_ntp_config_template('ubuntu',
+                                         servers=servers, pools=pools,
+                                         path=confpath,
+                                         template_fn=template_fn,
+                                         template=None)
+        content = util.read_file_or_url('file://' + confpath).contents
         self.assertEqual(
             "[Time]\nNTP=%s %s \n" % (" ".join(servers), " ".join(pools)),
             content.decode())
 
-    def test_ntp_handler_real_distro_templates(self):
-        """Test ntp handler renders the shipped distro ntp.conf templates."""
+    def test_distro_ntp_client_configs(self):
+        """Test we have updated ntp client configs on different distros"""
+        delta = copy.deepcopy(cc_ntp.DISTRO_CLIENT_CONFIG)
+        base = copy.deepcopy(cc_ntp.NTP_CLIENT_CONFIG)
+        # confirm no-delta distros match the base config
+        for distro in cc_ntp.distros:
+            if distro not in delta:
+                result = cc_ntp.distro_ntp_client_configs(distro)
+                self.assertEqual(base, result)
+        # for distros with delta, ensure the merged config values match
+        # what is set in the delta
+        for distro in delta.keys():
+            result = cc_ntp.distro_ntp_client_configs(distro)
+            for client in delta[distro].keys():
+                for key in delta[distro][client].keys():
+                    self.assertEqual(delta[distro][client][key],
+                                     result[client][key])
+
+    def test_ntp_handler_real_distro_ntp_templates(self):
+        """Test ntp handler renders the shipped distro ntp client templates."""
         pools = ['0.mycompany.pool.ntp.org', '3.mycompany.pool.ntp.org']
         servers = ['192.168.23.3', '192.168.23.4']
-        cfg = {
-            'ntp': {
-                'pools': pools,
-                'servers': servers
-            }
-        }
-        ntp_conf = self.tmp_path('ntp.conf', self.new_root)  # Doesn't exist
-        for distro in ('debian', 'ubuntu', 'fedora', 'rhel', 'sles'):
-            mycloud = self._get_cloud(distro)
-            root_dir = dirname(dirname(os.path.realpath(util.__file__)))
-            tmpl_file = os.path.join(
-                '{0}/templates/ntp.conf.{1}.tmpl'.format(root_dir, distro))
-            # Create a copy in our tmp_dir
-            shutil.copy(
-                tmpl_file,
-                os.path.join(self.new_root, 'ntp.conf.%s.tmpl' % distro))
-            with mock.patch('cloudinit.config.cc_ntp.NTP_CONF', ntp_conf):
-                with mock.patch.object(util, 'which', return_value=[True]):
-                    cc_ntp.handle('notimportant', cfg, mycloud, None, None)
-
-            content = util.read_file_or_url('file://' + ntp_conf).contents
-            expected_servers = '\n'.join([
-                'server {0} iburst'.format(server) for server in servers])
-            self.assertIn(
-                expected_servers, content.decode(),
-                'failed to render ntp.conf for distro:{0}'.format(distro))
-            expected_pools = '\n'.join([
-                'pool {0} iburst'.format(pool) for pool in pools])
-            self.assertIn(
-                expected_pools, content.decode(),
-                'failed to render ntp.conf for distro:{0}'.format(distro))
+        for client in ['ntp', 'systemd-timesyncd', 'chrony']:
+            for distro in cc_ntp.distros:
+                distro_cfg = cc_ntp.distro_ntp_client_configs(distro)
+                ntpclient = distro_cfg[client]
+                confpath = (
+                    os.path.join(self.new_root, ntpclient.get('confpath')[1:]))
+                template = ntpclient.get('template_name')
+                # find sourcetree template file
+                root_dir = (
+                    dirname(dirname(os.path.realpath(util.__file__))) +
+                    '/templates')
+                source_fn = self._get_template_path(template, distro,
+                                                    basepath=root_dir)
+                template_fn = self._get_template_path(template, distro)
+                # don't fail if cloud-init doesn't have a template for
+                # a distro,client pair
+                if not os.path.exists(source_fn):
+                    continue
+                # Create a copy in our tmp_dir
+                shutil.copy(source_fn, template_fn)
+                cc_ntp.write_ntp_config_template(distro, servers=servers,
+                                                 pools=pools, path=confpath,
+                                                 template_fn=template_fn)
+                content = util.read_file_or_url('file://' + confpath).contents
+                if client in ['ntp', 'chrony']:
+                    expected_servers = '\n'.join([
+                        'server {0} iburst'.format(srv) for srv in servers])
+                    print('distro=%s client=%s' % (distro, client))
+                    self.assertIn(expected_servers, content.decode('utf-8'),
+                                  ('failed to render {0} conf'
+                                   ' for distro:{1}'.format(client, distro)))
+                    expected_pools = '\n'.join([
+                        'pool {0} iburst'.format(pool) for pool in pools])
+                    self.assertIn(expected_pools, content.decode('utf-8'),
+                                  ('failed to render {0} conf'
+                                   ' for distro:{1}'.format(client, distro)))
+                elif client == 'systemd-timesyncd':
+                    expected_content = (
+                        "# cloud-init generated file\n" +
+                        "# See timesyncd.conf(5) for details.\n\n" +
+                        "[Time]\nNTP=%s %s \n" % (" ".join(servers),
+                                                  " ".join(pools)))
+                    self.assertEqual(expected_content, content.decode())
 
     def test_no_ntpcfg_does_nothing(self):
         """When no ntp section is defined handler logs a warning and noops."""
@@ -285,95 +296,99 @@ class TestNtp(FilesystemMockingTestCase):
             'not present or disabled by cfg\n',
             self.logs.getvalue())
 
-    def test_ntp_handler_schema_validation_allows_empty_ntp_config(self):
+    @mock.patch('cloudinit.config.cc_ntp.select_ntp_client')
+    def test_ntp_handler_schema_validation_allows_empty_ntp_config(self,
+                                                                   m_select):
         """Ntp schema validation allows for an empty ntp: configuration."""
         valid_empty_configs = [{'ntp': {}}, {'ntp': None}]
-        distro = 'ubuntu'
-        cc = self._get_cloud(distro)
-        ntp_conf = os.path.join(self.new_root, 'ntp.conf')
-        with open('{0}.tmpl'.format(ntp_conf), 'wb') as stream:
-            stream.write(NTP_TEMPLATE)
         for valid_empty_config in valid_empty_configs:
-            with mock.patch('cloudinit.config.cc_ntp.NTP_CONF', ntp_conf):
-                cc_ntp.handle('cc_ntp', valid_empty_config, cc, None, [])
-            with open(ntp_conf) as stream:
-                content = stream.read()
-            default_pools = [
-                "{0}.{1}.pool.ntp.org".format(x, distro)
-                for x in range(0, cc_ntp.NR_POOL_SERVERS)]
-            self.assertEqual(
-                "servers []\npools {0}\n".format(default_pools),
-                content)
-        self.assertNotIn('Invalid config:', self.logs.getvalue())
+            for distro in cc_ntp.distros:
+                mycloud = self._get_cloud(distro)
+                ntpconfig = self._mock_ntp_client_config(distro=distro)
+                confpath = ntpconfig['confpath']
+                m_select.return_value = ntpconfig
+                cc_ntp.handle('cc_ntp', valid_empty_config, mycloud, None, [])
+                content = util.read_file_or_url('file://' + confpath).contents
+                pools = cc_ntp.generate_server_names(mycloud.distro.name)
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    "servers []\npools {0}\n".format(pools), content.decode())
+            self.assertNotIn('Invalid config:', self.logs.getvalue())
 
     @skipUnlessJsonSchema()
-    def test_ntp_handler_schema_validation_warns_non_string_item_type(self):
+    @mock.patch('cloudinit.config.cc_ntp.select_ntp_client')
+    def test_ntp_handler_schema_validation_warns_non_string_item_type(self,
+                                                                      m_sel):
         """Ntp schema validation warns of non-strings in pools or servers.
 
         Schema validation is not strict, so ntp config is still be rendered.
         """
         invalid_config = {'ntp': {'pools': [123], 'servers': ['valid', None]}}
-        cc = self._get_cloud('ubuntu')
-        ntp_conf = os.path.join(self.new_root, 'ntp.conf')
-        with open('{0}.tmpl'.format(ntp_conf), 'wb') as stream:
-            stream.write(NTP_TEMPLATE)
-        with mock.patch('cloudinit.config.cc_ntp.NTP_CONF', ntp_conf):
-            cc_ntp.handle('cc_ntp', invalid_config, cc, None, [])
-        self.assertIn(
-            "Invalid config:\nntp.pools.0: 123 is not of type 'string'\n"
-            "ntp.servers.1: None is not of type 'string'",
-            self.logs.getvalue())
-        with open(ntp_conf) as stream:
-            content = stream.read()
-        self.assertEqual("servers ['valid', None]\npools [123]\n", content)
+        for distro in cc_ntp.distros:
+            mycloud = self._get_cloud(distro)
+            ntpconfig = self._mock_ntp_client_config(distro=distro)
+            confpath = ntpconfig['confpath']
+            m_sel.return_value = ntpconfig
+            cc_ntp.handle('cc_ntp', invalid_config, mycloud, None, [])
+            self.assertIn(
+                "Invalid config:\nntp.pools.0: 123 is not of type 'string'\n"
+                "ntp.servers.1: None is not of type 'string'",
+                self.logs.getvalue())
+            content = util.read_file_or_url('file://' + confpath).contents
+            self.assertEqual("servers ['valid', None]\npools [123]\n",
+                             content.decode())
 
     @skipUnlessJsonSchema()
-    def test_ntp_handler_schema_validation_warns_of_non_array_type(self):
+    @mock.patch('cloudinit.config.cc_ntp.select_ntp_client')
+    def test_ntp_handler_schema_validation_warns_of_non_array_type(self,
+                                                                   m_select):
         """Ntp schema validation warns of non-array pools or servers types.
 
         Schema validation is not strict, so ntp config is still be rendered.
         """
         invalid_config = {'ntp': {'pools': 123, 'servers': 'non-array'}}
-        cc = self._get_cloud('ubuntu')
-        ntp_conf = os.path.join(self.new_root, 'ntp.conf')
-        with open('{0}.tmpl'.format(ntp_conf), 'wb') as stream:
-            stream.write(NTP_TEMPLATE)
-        with mock.patch('cloudinit.config.cc_ntp.NTP_CONF', ntp_conf):
-            cc_ntp.handle('cc_ntp', invalid_config, cc, None, [])
-        self.assertIn(
-            "Invalid config:\nntp.pools: 123 is not of type 'array'\n"
-            "ntp.servers: 'non-array' is not of type 'array'",
-            self.logs.getvalue())
-        with open(ntp_conf) as stream:
-            content = stream.read()
-        self.assertEqual("servers non-array\npools 123\n", content)
+
+        for distro in cc_ntp.distros:
+            mycloud = self._get_cloud(distro)
+            ntpconfig = self._mock_ntp_client_config(distro=distro)
+            confpath = ntpconfig['confpath']
+            m_select.return_value = ntpconfig
+            cc_ntp.handle('cc_ntp', invalid_config, mycloud, None, [])
+            self.assertIn(
+                "Invalid config:\nntp.pools: 123 is not of type 'array'\n"
+                "ntp.servers: 'non-array' is not of type 'array'",
+                self.logs.getvalue())
+            content = util.read_file_or_url('file://' + confpath).contents
+            self.assertEqual("servers non-array\npools 123\n",
+                             content.decode())
 
     @skipUnlessJsonSchema()
-    def test_ntp_handler_schema_validation_warns_invalid_key_present(self):
+    @mock.patch('cloudinit.config.cc_ntp.select_ntp_client')
+    def test_ntp_handler_schema_validation_warns_invalid_key_present(self,
+                                                                     m_select):
         """Ntp schema validation warns of invalid keys present in ntp config.
 
         Schema validation is not strict, so ntp config is still be rendered.
         """
         invalid_config = {
             'ntp': {'invalidkey': 1, 'pools': ['0.mycompany.pool.ntp.org']}}
-        cc = self._get_cloud('ubuntu')
-        ntp_conf = os.path.join(self.new_root, 'ntp.conf')
-        with open('{0}.tmpl'.format(ntp_conf), 'wb') as stream:
-            stream.write(NTP_TEMPLATE)
-        with mock.patch('cloudinit.config.cc_ntp.NTP_CONF', ntp_conf):
-            cc_ntp.handle('cc_ntp', invalid_config, cc, None, [])
-        self.assertIn(
-            "Invalid config:\nntp: Additional properties are not allowed "
-            "('invalidkey' was unexpected)",
-            self.logs.getvalue())
-        with open(ntp_conf) as stream:
-            content = stream.read()
-        self.assertEqual(
-            "servers []\npools ['0.mycompany.pool.ntp.org']\n",
-            content)
+        for distro in cc_ntp.distros:
+            mycloud = self._get_cloud(distro)
+            ntpconfig = self._mock_ntp_client_config(distro=distro)
+            confpath = ntpconfig['confpath']
+            m_select.return_value = ntpconfig
+            cc_ntp.handle('cc_ntp', invalid_config, mycloud, None, [])
+            self.assertIn(
+                "Invalid config:\nntp: Additional properties are not allowed "
+                "('invalidkey' was unexpected)",
+                self.logs.getvalue())
+            content = util.read_file_or_url('file://' + confpath).contents
+            self.assertEqual(
+                "servers []\npools ['0.mycompany.pool.ntp.org']\n",
+                content.decode())
 
     @skipUnlessJsonSchema()
-    def test_ntp_handler_schema_validation_warns_of_duplicates(self):
+    @mock.patch('cloudinit.config.cc_ntp.select_ntp_client')
+    def test_ntp_handler_schema_validation_warns_of_duplicates(self, m_select):
         """Ntp schema validation warns of duplicates in servers or pools.
 
         Schema validation is not strict, so ntp config is still be rendered.
@@ -381,74 +396,334 @@ class TestNtp(FilesystemMockingTestCase):
         invalid_config = {
             'ntp': {'pools': ['0.mypool.org', '0.mypool.org'],
                     'servers': ['10.0.0.1', '10.0.0.1']}}
-        cc = self._get_cloud('ubuntu')
-        ntp_conf = os.path.join(self.new_root, 'ntp.conf')
-        with open('{0}.tmpl'.format(ntp_conf), 'wb') as stream:
-            stream.write(NTP_TEMPLATE)
-        with mock.patch('cloudinit.config.cc_ntp.NTP_CONF', ntp_conf):
-            cc_ntp.handle('cc_ntp', invalid_config, cc, None, [])
-        self.assertIn(
-            "Invalid config:\nntp.pools: ['0.mypool.org', '0.mypool.org'] has "
-            "non-unique elements\nntp.servers: ['10.0.0.1', '10.0.0.1'] has "
-            "non-unique elements",
-            self.logs.getvalue())
-        with open(ntp_conf) as stream:
-            content = stream.read()
-        self.assertEqual(
-            "servers ['10.0.0.1', '10.0.0.1']\n"
-            "pools ['0.mypool.org', '0.mypool.org']\n",
-            content)
+        for distro in cc_ntp.distros:
+            mycloud = self._get_cloud(distro)
+            ntpconfig = self._mock_ntp_client_config(distro=distro)
+            confpath = ntpconfig['confpath']
+            m_select.return_value = ntpconfig
+            cc_ntp.handle('cc_ntp', invalid_config, mycloud, None, [])
+            self.assertIn(
+                "Invalid config:\nntp.pools: ['0.mypool.org', '0.mypool.org']"
+                " has non-unique elements\nntp.servers: "
+                "['10.0.0.1', '10.0.0.1'] has non-unique elements",
+                self.logs.getvalue())
+            content = util.read_file_or_url('file://' + confpath).contents
+            self.assertEqual(
+                "servers ['10.0.0.1', '10.0.0.1']\n"
+                "pools ['0.mypool.org', '0.mypool.org']\n", content.decode())
 
-    @mock.patch("cloudinit.config.cc_ntp.ntp_installable")
-    def test_ntp_handler_timesyncd(self, m_ntp_install):
+    @mock.patch('cloudinit.config.cc_ntp.select_ntp_client')
+    def test_ntp_handler_timesyncd(self, m_select):
         """Test ntp handler configures timesyncd"""
-        m_ntp_install.return_value = False
-        distro = 'ubuntu'
-        cfg = {
-            'servers': ['192.168.2.1', '192.168.2.2'],
-            'pools': ['0.mypool.org'],
-        }
-        mycloud = self._get_cloud(distro)
-        tsyncd_conf = self.tmp_path("timesyncd.conf", self.new_root)
-        # Create timesyncd.conf.tmpl
-        template = '{0}.tmpl'.format(tsyncd_conf)
-        print(template)
-        with open(template, 'wb') as stream:
-            stream.write(TIMESYNCD_TEMPLATE)
-        with mock.patch('cloudinit.config.cc_ntp.TIMESYNCD_CONF', tsyncd_conf):
-            cc_ntp.write_ntp_config_template(cfg, mycloud, tsyncd_conf,
-                                             template='timesyncd.conf')
-
-        content = util.read_file_or_url('file://' + tsyncd_conf).contents
-        self.assertEqual(
-            "[Time]\nNTP=192.168.2.1 192.168.2.2 0.mypool.org \n",
-            content.decode())
+        servers = ['192.168.2.1', '192.168.2.2']
+        pools = ['0.mypool.org']
+        cfg = {'ntp': {'servers': servers, 'pools': pools}}
+        client = 'systemd-timesyncd'
+        for distro in cc_ntp.distros:
+            mycloud = self._get_cloud(distro)
+            ntpconfig = self._mock_ntp_client_config(distro=distro,
+                                                     client=client)
+            confpath = ntpconfig['confpath']
+            m_select.return_value = ntpconfig
+            cc_ntp.handle('cc_ntp', cfg, mycloud, None, [])
+            content = util.read_file_or_url('file://' + confpath).contents
+            self.assertEqual(
+                "[Time]\nNTP=192.168.2.1 192.168.2.2 0.mypool.org \n",
+                content.decode())
+
+    @mock.patch('cloudinit.config.cc_ntp.select_ntp_client')
+    def test_ntp_handler_enabled_false(self, m_select):
+        """Test ntp handler does not run if enabled: false """
+        cfg = {'ntp': {'enabled': False}}
+        for distro in cc_ntp.distros:
+            mycloud = self._get_cloud(distro)
+            cc_ntp.handle('notimportant', cfg, mycloud, None, None)
+            self.assertEqual(0, m_select.call_count)
+
+    @mock.patch('cloudinit.config.cc_ntp.select_ntp_client')
+    @mock.patch("cloudinit.distros.Distro.uses_systemd")
+    def test_ntp_the_whole_package(self, m_sysd, m_select):
+        """Test enabled config renders template, and restarts service """
+        cfg = {'ntp': {'enabled': True}}
+        for distro in cc_ntp.distros:
+            mycloud = self._get_cloud(distro)
+            ntpconfig = self._mock_ntp_client_config(distro=distro)
+            confpath = ntpconfig['confpath']
+            service_name = ntpconfig['service_name']
+            m_select.return_value = ntpconfig
+            pools = cc_ntp.generate_server_names(mycloud.distro.name)
+            # force uses systemd path
+            m_sysd.return_value = True
+            with mock.patch('cloudinit.config.cc_ntp.util') as m_util:
+                # allow use of util.mergemanydict
+                m_util.mergemanydict.side_effect = util.mergemanydict
+                # default client is present
+                m_util.which.return_value = True
+                # use the config 'enabled' value
+                m_util.is_false.return_value = util.is_false(
+                    cfg['ntp']['enabled'])
+                cc_ntp.handle('notimportant', cfg, mycloud, None, None)
+                m_util.subp.assert_called_with(
+                    ['systemctl', 'reload-or-restart',
+                     service_name], capture=True)
+            content = util.read_file_or_url('file://' + confpath).contents
+            self.assertEqual(
+                "servers []\npools {0}\n".format(pools),
+                content.decode())
+
+    def test_opensuse_picks_chrony(self):
+        """Test opensuse picks chrony or ntp on certain distro versions"""
+        #  < 15.0  => ntp
+        self.m_sysinfo.return_value = {'dist':
+                                       ('openSUSE', '13.2', 'Harlequin')}
+        mycloud = self._get_cloud('opensuse')
+        expected_client = mycloud.distro.preferred_ntp_clients[0]
+        self.assertEqual('ntp', expected_client)
+
+        #  >= 15.0 and  not openSUSE => chrony
+        self.m_sysinfo.return_value = {'dist':
+                                       ('SLES', '15.0',
+                                        'SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15')}
+        mycloud = self._get_cloud('sles')
+        expected_client = mycloud.distro.preferred_ntp_clients[0]
+        self.assertEqual('chrony', expected_client)
+
+        #  >= 15.0 and  openSUSE and ver != 42  => chrony
+        self.m_sysinfo.return_value = {'dist': ('openSUSE Tumbleweed',
+                                                '20180326',
+                                                'timbleweed')}
+        mycloud = self._get_cloud('opensuse')
+        expected_client = mycloud.distro.preferred_ntp_clients[0]
+        self.assertEqual('chrony', expected_client)
+
+    def test_ubuntu_xenial_picks_ntp(self):
+        """Test Ubuntu picks ntp on xenial release"""
+
+        self.m_sysinfo.return_value = {'dist': ('Ubuntu', '16.04', 'xenial')}
+        mycloud = self._get_cloud('ubuntu')
+        expected_client = mycloud.distro.preferred_ntp_clients[0]
+        self.assertEqual('ntp', expected_client)
 
-    def test_write_ntp_config_template_defaults_pools_empty_lists_sles(self):
-        """write_ntp_config_template defaults pools servers upon empty config.
+    @mock.patch('cloudinit.config.cc_ntp.util.which')
+    def test_snappy_system_picks_timesyncd(self, m_which):
+        """Test snappy systems prefer installed clients"""
 
-        When both pools and servers are empty, default NR_POOL_SERVERS get
-        configured.
-        """
-        distro = 'sles'
-        mycloud = self._get_cloud(distro)
-        ntp_conf = self.tmp_path('ntp.conf', self.new_root)  # Doesn't exist
-        # Create ntp.conf.tmpl
-        with open('{0}.tmpl'.format(ntp_conf), 'wb') as stream:
-            stream.write(NTP_TEMPLATE)
-        with mock.patch('cloudinit.config.cc_ntp.NTP_CONF', ntp_conf):
-            cc_ntp.write_ntp_config_template({}, mycloud, ntp_conf)
-        content = util.read_file_or_url('file://' + ntp_conf).contents
-        default_pools = [
-            "{0}.opensuse.pool.ntp.org".format(x)
-            for x in range(0, cc_ntp.NR_POOL_SERVERS)]
-        self.assertEqual(
-            "servers []\npools {0}\n".format(default_pools),
-            content.decode())
-        self.assertIn(
-            "Adding distro default ntp pool servers: {0}".format(
-                ",".join(default_pools)),
-            self.logs.getvalue())
+        # we are on ubuntu-core here
+        self.m_snappy.return_value = True
 
+        # ubuntu core systems will have timesyncd installed
+        m_which.side_effect = iter([None, '/lib/systemd/systemd-timesyncd',
+                                    None, None, None])
+        distro = 'ubuntu'
+        mycloud = self._get_cloud(distro)
+        distro_configs = cc_ntp.distro_ntp_client_configs(distro)
+        expected_client = 'systemd-timesyncd'
+        expected_cfg = distro_configs[expected_client]
+        expected_calls = []
+        # we only get to timesyncd
+        for client in mycloud.distro.preferred_ntp_clients[0:2]:
+            cfg = distro_configs[client]
+            expected_calls.append(mock.call(cfg['check_exe']))
+        result = cc_ntp.select_ntp_client(None, mycloud.distro)
+        m_which.assert_has_calls(expected_calls)
+        self.assertEqual(sorted(expected_cfg), sorted(cfg))
+        self.assertEqual(sorted(expected_cfg), sorted(result))
+
+    @mock.patch('cloudinit.config.cc_ntp.util.which')
+    def test_ntp_distro_searches_all_preferred_clients(self, m_which):
+        """Test select_ntp_client search all distro perferred clients """
+        # nothing is installed
+        m_which.return_value = None
+        for distro in cc_ntp.distros:
+            mycloud = self._get_cloud(distro)
+            distro_configs = cc_ntp.distro_ntp_client_configs(distro)
+            expected_client = mycloud.distro.preferred_ntp_clients[0]
+            expected_cfg = distro_configs[expected_client]
+            expected_calls = []
+            for client in mycloud.distro.preferred_ntp_clients:
+                cfg = distro_configs[client]
+                expected_calls.append(mock.call(cfg['check_exe']))
+            cc_ntp.select_ntp_client({}, mycloud.distro)
+            m_which.assert_has_calls(expected_calls)
+            self.assertEqual(sorted(expected_cfg), sorted(cfg))
+
+    @mock.patch('cloudinit.config.cc_ntp.util.which')
+    def test_user_cfg_ntp_client_auto_uses_distro_clients(self, m_which):
+        """Test user_cfg.ntp_client='auto' defaults to distro search"""
+        # nothing is installed
+        m_which.return_value = None
+        for distro in cc_ntp.distros:
+            mycloud = self._get_cloud(distro)
+            distro_configs = cc_ntp.distro_ntp_client_configs(distro)
+            expected_client = mycloud.distro.preferred_ntp_clients[0]
+            expected_cfg = distro_configs[expected_client]
+            expected_calls = []
+            for client in mycloud.distro.preferred_ntp_clients:
+                cfg = distro_configs[client]
+                expected_calls.append(mock.call(cfg['check_exe']))
+            cc_ntp.select_ntp_client('auto', mycloud.distro)
+            m_which.assert_has_calls(expected_calls)
+            self.assertEqual(sorted(expected_cfg), sorted(cfg))
+
+    @mock.patch('cloudinit.config.cc_ntp.write_ntp_config_template')
+    @mock.patch('cloudinit.cloud.Cloud.get_template_filename')
+    @mock.patch('cloudinit.config.cc_ntp.util.which')
+    def test_ntp_custom_client_overrides_installed_clients(self, m_which,
+                                                           m_tmpfn, m_write):
+        """Test user client is installed despite other clients present """
+        client = 'ntpdate'
+        cfg = {'ntp': {'ntp_client': client}}
+        for distro in cc_ntp.distros:
+            # client is not installed
+            m_which.side_effect = iter([None])
+            mycloud = self._get_cloud(distro)
+            with mock.patch.object(mycloud.distro,
+                                   'install_packages') as m_install:
+                cc_ntp.handle('notimportant', cfg, mycloud, None, None)
+            m_install.assert_called_with([client])
+            m_which.assert_called_with(client)
+
+    @mock.patch('cloudinit.config.cc_ntp.util.which')
+    def test_ntp_system_config_overrides_distro_builtin_clients(self, m_which):
+        """Test distro system_config overrides builtin preferred ntp clients"""
+        system_client = 'chrony'
+        sys_cfg = {'ntp_client': system_client}
+        # no clients installed
+        m_which.return_value = None
+        for distro in cc_ntp.distros:
+            mycloud = self._get_cloud(distro, sys_cfg=sys_cfg)
+            distro_configs = cc_ntp.distro_ntp_client_configs(distro)
+            expected_cfg = distro_configs[system_client]
+            result = cc_ntp.select_ntp_client(None, mycloud.distro)
+            self.assertEqual(sorted(expected_cfg), sorted(result))
+            m_which.assert_has_calls([])
+
+    @mock.patch('cloudinit.config.cc_ntp.util.which')
+    def test_ntp_user_config_overrides_system_cfg(self, m_which):
+        """Test user-data overrides system_config ntp_client"""
+        system_client = 'chrony'
+        sys_cfg = {'ntp_client': system_client}
+        user_client = 'systemd-timesyncd'
+        # no clients installed
+        m_which.return_value = None
+        for distro in cc_ntp.distros:
+            mycloud = self._get_cloud(distro, sys_cfg=sys_cfg)
+            distro_configs = cc_ntp.distro_ntp_client_configs(distro)
+            expected_cfg = distro_configs[user_client]
+            result = cc_ntp.select_ntp_client(user_client, mycloud.distro)
+            self.assertEqual(sorted(expected_cfg), sorted(result))
+            m_which.assert_has_calls([])
+
+    @mock.patch('cloudinit.config.cc_ntp.reload_ntp')
+    @mock.patch('cloudinit.config.cc_ntp.install_ntp_client')
+    def test_ntp_user_provided_config_with_template(self, m_install, m_reload):
+        custom = r'\n#MyCustomTemplate'
+        user_template = NTP_TEMPLATE + custom
+        confpath = os.path.join(self.new_root, 'etc/myntp/myntp.conf')
+        cfg = {
+            'ntp': {
+                'pools': ['mypool.org'],
+                'ntp_client': 'myntpd',
+                'config': {
+                    'check_exe': 'myntpd',
+                    'confpath': confpath,
+                    'packages': ['myntp'],
+                    'service_name': 'myntp',
+                    'template': user_template,
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        for distro in cc_ntp.distros:
+            mycloud = self._get_cloud(distro)
+            mock_path = 'cloudinit.config.cc_ntp.temp_utils._TMPDIR'
+            with mock.patch(mock_path, self.new_root):
+                cc_ntp.handle('notimportant', cfg, mycloud, None, None)
+            content = util.read_file_or_url('file://' + confpath).contents
+            self.assertEqual(
+                "servers []\npools ['mypool.org']\n%s" % custom,
+                content.decode())
+
+    @mock.patch('cloudinit.config.cc_ntp.supplemental_schema_validation')
+    @mock.patch('cloudinit.config.cc_ntp.reload_ntp')
+    @mock.patch('cloudinit.config.cc_ntp.install_ntp_client')
+    @mock.patch('cloudinit.config.cc_ntp.select_ntp_client')
+    def test_ntp_user_provided_config_template_only(self, m_select, m_install,
+                                                    m_reload, m_schema):
+        """Test custom template for default client"""
+        custom = r'\n#MyCustomTemplate'
+        user_template = NTP_TEMPLATE + custom
+        client = 'chrony'
+        cfg = {
+            'pools': ['mypool.org'],
+            'ntp_client': client,
+            'config': {
+                'template': user_template,
+            }
+        }
+        expected_merged_cfg = {
+            'check_exe': 'chronyd',
+            'confpath': '{tmpdir}/client.conf'.format(tmpdir=self.new_root),
+            'template_name': 'client.conf', 'template': user_template,
+            'service_name': 'chrony', 'packages': ['chrony']}
+        for distro in cc_ntp.distros:
+            mycloud = self._get_cloud(distro)
+            ntpconfig = self._mock_ntp_client_config(client=client,
+                                                     distro=distro)
+            confpath = ntpconfig['confpath']
+            m_select.return_value = ntpconfig
+            mock_path = 'cloudinit.config.cc_ntp.temp_utils._TMPDIR'
+            with mock.patch(mock_path, self.new_root):
+                cc_ntp.handle('notimportant',
+                              {'ntp': cfg}, mycloud, None, None)
+            content = util.read_file_or_url('file://' + confpath).contents
+            self.assertEqual(
+                "servers []\npools ['mypool.org']\n%s" % custom,
+                content.decode())
+        m_schema.assert_called_with(expected_merged_cfg)
+
+
+class TestSupplementalSchemaValidation(CiTestCase):
+
+    def test_error_on_missing_keys(self):
+        """ValueError raised reporting any missing required ntp:config keys"""
+        cfg = {}
+        match = (r'Invalid ntp configuration:\\nMissing required ntp:config'
+                 ' keys: check_exe, confpath, packages, service_name')
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, match):
+            cc_ntp.supplemental_schema_validation(cfg)
+
+    def test_error_requiring_either_template_or_template_name(self):
+        """ValueError raised if both template not template_name are None."""
+        cfg = {'confpath': 'someconf', 'check_exe': '', 'service_name': '',
+               'template': None, 'template_name': None, 'packages': []}
+        match = (r'Invalid ntp configuration:\\nEither ntp:config:template'
+                 ' or ntp:config:template_name values are required')
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, match):
+            cc_ntp.supplemental_schema_validation(cfg)
+
+    def test_error_on_non_list_values(self):
+        """ValueError raised when packages is not of type list."""
+        cfg = {'confpath': 'someconf', 'check_exe': '', 'service_name': '',
+               'template': 'asdf', 'template_name': None, 'packages': 'NOPE'}
+        match = (r'Invalid ntp configuration:\\nExpected a list of required'
+                 ' package names for ntp:config:packages. Found \(NOPE\)')
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, match):
+            cc_ntp.supplemental_schema_validation(cfg)
+
+    def test_error_on_non_string_values(self):
+        """ValueError raised for any values expected as string type."""
+        cfg = {'confpath': 1, 'check_exe': 2, 'service_name': 3,
+               'template': 4, 'template_name': 5, 'packages': []}
+        errors = [
+            'Expected a config file path ntp:config:confpath. Found (1)',
+            'Expected a string type for ntp:config:check_exe. Found (2)',
+            'Expected a string type for ntp:config:service_name. Found (3)',
+            'Expected a string type for ntp:config:template. Found (4)',
+            'Expected a string type for ntp:config:template_name. Found (5)']
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as context_mgr:
+            cc_ntp.supplemental_schema_validation(cfg)
+        error_msg = str(context_mgr.exception)
+        for error in errors:
+            self.assertIn(error, error_msg)
 
 # vi: ts=4 expandtab
diff --git a/tests/unittests/test_templating.py b/tests/unittests/test_templating.py
index 53154d3..1080e13 100644
--- a/tests/unittests/test_templating.py
+++ b/tests/unittests/test_templating.py
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ from cloudinit.tests import helpers as test_helpers
 import textwrap
 
 from cloudinit import templater
+from cloudinit.util import load_file, write_file
 
 try:
     import Cheetah
@@ -19,7 +20,17 @@ except ImportError:
     HAS_CHEETAH = False
 
 
-class TestTemplates(test_helpers.TestCase):
+class TestTemplates(test_helpers.CiTestCase):
+    jinja_utf8 = b'It\xe2\x80\x99s not ascii, {{name}}\n'
+    jinja_utf8_rbob = b'It\xe2\x80\x99s not ascii, bob\n'.decode('utf-8')
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def add_header(renderer, data):
+        """Return text (py2 unicode/py3 str) with template header."""
+        if isinstance(data, bytes):
+            data = data.decode('utf-8')
+        return "## template: %s\n" % renderer + data
+
     def test_render_basic(self):
         in_data = textwrap.dedent("""
             ${b}
@@ -106,4 +117,32 @@ $a,$b'''
                                            'codename': codename})
         self.assertEqual(ex_data, out_data)
 
+    def test_jinja_nonascii_render_to_string(self):
+        """Test jinja render_to_string with non-ascii content."""
+        self.assertEqual(
+            templater.render_string(
+                self.add_header("jinja", self.jinja_utf8), {"name": "bob"}),
+            self.jinja_utf8_rbob)
+
+    def test_jinja_nonascii_render_to_file(self):
+        """Test jinja render_to_file of a filename with non-ascii content."""
+        tmpl_fn = self.tmp_path("j-render-to-file.template")
+        out_fn = self.tmp_path("j-render-to-file.out")
+        write_file(filename=tmpl_fn, omode="wb",
+                   content=self.add_header(
+                       "jinja", self.jinja_utf8).encode('utf-8'))
+        templater.render_to_file(tmpl_fn, out_fn, {"name": "bob"})
+        result = load_file(out_fn, decode=False).decode('utf-8')
+        self.assertEqual(result, self.jinja_utf8_rbob)
+
+    def test_jinja_nonascii_render_from_file(self):
+        """Test jinja render_from_file with non-ascii content."""
+        tmpl_fn = self.tmp_path("j-render-from-file.template")
+        write_file(tmpl_fn, omode="wb",
+                   content=self.add_header(
+                       "jinja", self.jinja_utf8).encode('utf-8'))
+        result = templater.render_from_file(tmpl_fn, {"name": "bob"})
+        self.assertEqual(result, self.jinja_utf8_rbob)
+
+
 # vi: ts=4 expandtab
diff --git a/tools/make-tarball b/tools/make-tarball
index 3197689..8d54013 100755
--- a/tools/make-tarball
+++ b/tools/make-tarball
@@ -13,22 +13,28 @@ Usage: ${0##*/} [revision]
     create a tarball of revision (default HEAD)
 
     options:
-      -o | --output FILE   write to file
+      -h | --help		print usage
+      -o | --output FILE	write to file
+           --orig-tarball	Write file cloud-init_<version>.orig.tar.gz
+           --long		Use git describe --long for versioning
 EOF
 }
 
 short_opts="ho:v"
-long_opts="help,output:,long,verbose"
+long_opts="help,output:,orig-tarball,long"
 getopt_out=$(getopt --name "${0##*/}" \
     --options "${short_opts}" --long "${long_opts}" -- "$@") &&
     eval set -- "${getopt_out}" || { Usage 1>&2; exit 1; }
 
 long_opt=""
+orig_opt=""
 while [ $# -ne 0 ]; do
     cur=$1; next=$2
     case "$cur" in
+        -h|--help) Usage; exit 0;;
         -o|--output) output=$next; shift;;
            --long) long_opt="--long";;
+           --orig-tarball) orig_opt=".orig";;
         --) shift; break;;
     esac
     shift;
@@ -39,7 +45,10 @@ version=$(git describe --abbrev=8 "--match=[0-9]*" ${long_opt} $rev)
 
 archive_base="cloud-init-$version"
 if [ -z "$output" ]; then
-    output="$archive_base.tar.gz"
+    if [ ! -z "$orig_opt" ]; then
+        archive_base="cloud-init_$version"
+    fi
+    output="$archive_base$orig_opt.tar.gz"
 fi
 
 # when building an archiving from HEAD, ensure that there aren't any