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#### 22.1.3 Finding Information about Sparse Matrices

There are a number of functions that allow information concerning sparse matrices to be obtained. The most basic of these is issparse that identifies whether a particular Octave object is in fact a sparse matrix.

Another very basic function is nnz that returns the number of non-zero entries there are in a sparse matrix, while the function nzmax returns the amount of storage allocated to the sparse matrix. Note that Octave tends to crop unused memory at the first opportunity for sparse objects. There are some cases of user created sparse objects where the value returned by nzmax will not be the same as nnz, but in general they will give the same result. The function spstats returns some basic statistics on the columns of a sparse matrix including the number of elements, the mean and the variance of each column.

Built-in Function: issparse (x)

  Return true if x is a sparse matrix.

  See also: ismatrix.

Built-in Function: scalar = nnz (a)

  Return the number of non zero elements in a.

  See also: sparse, nzmax.

Function File: nonzeros (s)

  Return a vector of the non-zero values of the sparse matrix s.

Built-in Function: scalar = nzmax (SM)

  Return the amount of storage allocated to the sparse matrix SM. Note that Octave tends to crop unused memory at the first opportunity for sparse objects. There are some cases of user created sparse objects where the value returned by nzmax will not be the same as nnz, but in general they will give the same result.

  See also: nnz, spalloc, sparse.

Function File: [count, mean, var] = spstats (S)
Function File: [count, mean, var] = spstats (S, j)

  Return the stats for the non-zero elements of the sparse matrix S. count is the number of non-zeros in each column, mean is the mean of the non-zeros in each column, and var is the variance of the non-zeros in each column.

  Called with two input arguments, if S is the data and j is the bin number for the data, compute the stats for each bin. In this case, bins can contain data values of zero, whereas with `spstats (S)` the zeros may disappear.

When solving linear equations involving sparse matrices Octave determines the means to solve the equation based on the type of the matrix (see Sparse Linear Algebra). Octave probes the matrix type when the div (/) or ldiv (\) operator is first used with the matrix and then caches the type. However the matrix_type function can be used to determine the type of the sparse matrix prior to use of the div or ldiv operators. For example,

    a = tril (sprandn (1024, 1024, 0.02), -1) ...
        + speye (1024);
    matrix_type (a);
    ans = Lower

shows that Octave correctly determines the matrix type for lower triangular matrices. matrix_type can also be used to force the type of a matrix to be a particular type. For example:

    a = matrix_type (tril (sprandn (1024, ...
       1024, 0.02), -1) + speye (1024), "Lower");

This allows the cost of determining the matrix type to be avoided. However, incorrectly defining the matrix type will result in incorrect results from solutions of linear equations, and so it is entirely the responsibility of the user to correctly identify the matrix type

There are several graphical means of finding out information about sparse matrices. The first is the spy command, which displays the structure of the non-zero elements of the matrix. See Figure 22.1, for an example of the use of spy. More advanced graphical information can be obtained with the treeplot, etreeplot and gplot commands.

Figure 22.1: Structure of simple sparse matrix.

One use of sparse matrices is in graph theory, where the interconnections between nodes are represented as an adjacency matrix. That is, if the i-th node in a graph is connected to the j-th node. Then the ij-th node (and in the case of undirected graphs the ji-th node) of the sparse adjacency matrix is non-zero. If each node is then associated with a set of coordinates, then the gplot command can be used to graphically display the interconnections between nodes.

As a trivial example of the use of gplot consider the example,

    A = sparse ([2,6,1,3,2,4,3,5,4,6,1,5],
        [1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6],1,6,6);
    xy = [0,4,8,6,4,2;5,0,5,7,5,7]';
    gplot (A,xy)

which creates an adjacency matrix `A` where node 1 is connected to nodes 2 and 6, node 2 with nodes 1 and 3, etc. The coordinates of the nodes are given in the n-by-2 matrix `xy`. See Figure 22.2.

Figure 22.2: Simple use of the gplot command.

The dependencies between the nodes of a Cholesky factorization can be calculated in linear time without explicitly needing to calculate the Cholesky factorization by the `etree` command. This command returns the elimination tree of the matrix and can be displayed graphically by the command `treeplot (etree (A))` if `A` is symmetric or `treeplot (etree (A+A'))` otherwise.

Function File: spy (x)
Function File: spy (…, markersize)
Function File: spy (…, line_spec)

  Plot the sparsity pattern of the sparse matrix x. If the argument markersize is given as a scalar value, it is used to determine the point size in the plot. If the string line_spec is given it is passed to `plot` and determines the appearance of the plot.

  See also: plot.

Loadable Function: p = etree (S)
Loadable Function: p = etree (S, typ)
Loadable Function: [p, q] = etree (S, typ)

  Return the elimination tree for the matrix S. By default S is assumed to be symmetric and the symmetric elimination tree is returned. The argument typ controls whether a symmetric or column elimination tree is returned. Valid values of typ are `"sym"` or `"col"`, for symmetric or column elimination tree respectively.

  Called with a second argument, `etree` also returns the postorder permutations on the tree.

Function File: etreeplot (A)
Function File: etreeplot (A, node_style, edge_style)

  Plot the elimination tree of the matrix A or `A+A'` if A in not symmetric. The optional parameters node_style and edge_style define the output style.

  See also: treeplot, gplot.

Function File: gplot (A, xy)
Function File: gplot (A, xy, line_style)
Function File: [x, y] = gplot (A, xy)

  Plot a graph defined by A and xy in the graph theory sense. A is the adjacency matrix of the array to be plotted and xy is an n-by-2 matrix containing the coordinates of the nodes of the graph.

  The optional parameter line_style defines the output style for the plot. Called with no output arguments the graph is plotted directly. Otherwise, return the coordinates of the plot in x and y.

  See also: treeplot, etreeplot, spy.

Function File: treeplot (tree)
Function File: treeplot (tree, node_style, edge_style)

  Produce a graph of tree or forest. The first argument is vector of predecessors, optional parameters node_style and edge_style define the output style. The complexity of the algorithm is O(n) in terms of is time and memory requirements.

  See also: etreeplot, gplot.

Function File: treelayout (tree)
Function File: treelayout (tree, permutation)

  treelayout lays out a tree or a forest. The first argument tree is a vector of predecessors, optional parameter permutation is an optional postorder permutation. The complexity of the algorithm is O(n) in terms of time and memory requirements.

  See also: etreeplot, gplot, treeplot.

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